Comprehensive Journal of Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review. The Comprehensive Journal of Science is a fully Open Access scientific journal, meaning all of its content is freely available without charge to the user or their institution. Readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles without seeking prior permission from the publisher or the author. Copyright and Licensing: The journal and the authors retain copyright, and all published articles are subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows others to share, adapt, and build upon the work, provided that the original work is properly attributed to its creators (the authors and the journal) and any changes made to it are clearly indicated.
Higher Institute of Science and Technology, Regdaleen
Reshaping the International Order in Light of Current and Future Geopolitical Changes and Transformations: An Analytical Study
This study aims to define the conceptual framework of the international system by examining its concept, fundamental components, historical development, and the nature of contemporary geopolitical transformations affecting its structure. The study of the reshaping of the international system necessitates the use of a set of integrated scientific methodologies, given the complex nature of the subject, which combines politics, economics, security, and technology. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical method, a fundamental approach in the study of political phenomena, to describe the nature of the international system and its components, and then to analyze the variables influencing its transformations. The study concludes that the international system is undergoing a transitional phase and demonstrates that the world is not experiencing a fully structured international system, but rather a transitional phase characterized by instability and the overlapping of old and new power structures.
system - international - changes - transformations - geopolitics
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing an Intelligent Model for Technical Debt Management in Large-Scale Software Projects Using Deep Learning and Predictive Analytics
Technical debt (TD) is an everlasting issue in software engineering. This is the issue of short-term programming choices leading to larger costs in terms of maintenance, quality, and evolution in the future. This issue becomes critically important for large software projects, as they usually contain various quality indicators and constantly changing states of the system. The goal of the study is to create and evaluate an efficient intelligent model for forecasting technical debt. The experiment utilized the Technical Debt Forecasting dataset available on Zenodo. The dataset has been gathered from 15 open source programming projects. The compiled dataset is formed by 1,918 measurements taken during the process of the software under consideration. The dataset consists of 41 common predictive variables. The report uses 70/15/15 temporal split to avoid time leakage. The TCN utilizes an eight-step temporal window and outperforms persistence, Random Forest, and Gradient Boost models. The predictions of normalized technical debt for the second step based on TCN in the within-project test observations (n = 172) yielded MAE = 0.001388, RMSE = 0.002956, and R² = 0.999842. The results indicated that on this dataset, the persistence method achieved better scores of MAE = 0.001166, RMSE = 0.002943, and R² = 0.999843. To analyze what the differences in results are in terms of statistical significance, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to compare paired absolute errors, and the computed differences turned out to be statistically significant (p < .001) favoring the persistence model. The TCN was also used for getting results on cross-project data with Groovy, Kafka, and CommonsIO being excluded. The results there demonstrated MAE = 0.003930 for TCN compared to 0.003110 for persistence. According to the results, deep learning can be more beneficial for forecasting technical debt but does not bring the required level of improvement only due to the complexity of the model.
Technical Debt; Deep Learning; Temporal Convolutional Network; Predictive Analytics; Software Quality; Software Maintenance; Technical Debt Forecasting; Large-Scale Software Projects; Risk Prioritization.
Geopolitics of Division: The Role of Foreign Interventions in Fueling Political Polarization and Dismantling Libyan State Institutions
This research paper examines the complex doctrine of the "Geopolitics of Division" in post-2011 Libya, analyzing the causal and functional relationship between foreign interventions—at both regional and international levels—and the compounding political polarization that has destabilized and institutionalized the dissolution of state organs. The study explores the geostrategic and political-economic drivers fueling external rivalries across the Libyan territory, scrutinizing proxy-war dynamics that leveraged domestic fractures to establish parallel centers of authority and illegitimate power structures. Furthermore, the paper provides a comprehensive legal and structural assessment of the institutional bifurcation afflicting sovereign, financial, and security apparatuses (most notably the Central Bank of Libya, the National Oil Corporation, and the national security infrastructure), highlighting the resultant erosion of state sovereignty and operational capacity. The study demonstrates that foreign interference has not merely impeded democratic transition, but has systematically engineered institutional fragility and external dependency. The paper concludes with a strategic roadmap emphasizing that institutional recovery and governance reform are inextricably bound to curbing foreign interference and reinstating the legal unity of state institutions.
Geopolitics of Division, Foreign Intervention, Political Polarization, Institutional Dissolution, Crisis Management, Libya, Institutional Sovereignty
Multinational Corporation Strategies in Developing Countries
تُعد الشركات متعددة الجنسيات من أهم الفاعلين في الاقتصاد العالمي المعاصر، نظرًا لدورها في حركة الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، ونقل التكنولوجيا والمعرفة ، والمساهمة في خلق فرص العمل وتنمية الأسواق. وتكتسب دراسة استراتيجيات هذه الشركات في الدول النامية أهمية خاصة بسبب اختلاف البيئات الاقتصادية والمؤسسية والاجتماعية في هذه الدول عن بيئات الدول المتقدمة، الأمر الذي يفرض على الشركات الدولية الموازنة بين متطلبات التكامل العالمي من جهة، وضرورات التكيف مع الأسواق المحلية من جهة أخرى. وتهدف هذا الدراسة إلى تحليل أهم الاستراتيجيات التي تستخدمها الشركات متعددة الجنسيات في الدول النامية، وبيان دوافعها وعناصرها والعوامل المؤثرة في اختيارها، فضلًا عن تحليل آثارها الاقتصادية والتنموية و اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، من خلال مراجعة وتحليل الدراسات السابقة ذات الصلة باستراتيجيات الشركات متعددة الجنسيات والاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر في الدول النامية تبين من التحليل أن أبرز الاستراتيجيات تتمثل في الاستراتيجية العابرة للحدود التي تجمع بين التكامل والتكيف، إضافة إلى استراتيجيات الدخول إلى الأسواق، ونقل التكنولوجيا، وبناء الروابط مع المؤسسات المحلية، واستراتيجيات الاستفادة من الفروق المؤسسية والتنظيمية بين الدول. كما توضح الدراسات أن آثار الشركات متعددة الجنسيات في الدول النامية ليست إيجابية بصورة مطلقة أو سلبية بصورة مطلقة، وإنما تتحدد وفقًا لطبيعة الاستراتيجية المتبعة، وقدرة البيئة المحلية على استيعاب التكنولوجيا والمعرفة، ومستوى المنافسة، والسياسات الحكومية، وجودة المؤسسات.
الشركات متعددة الجنسيات، الدول النامية، الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر
Problems of the Arabic Language in Light of Modern Linguistic Theories: An Analytical Study
This study examines the multiple challenges facing the Arabic language in the modern era, seeking to analyze them through modern linguistic approaches to propose practical solutions. It reviews general challenges such as the dominance of foreign languages, diglossia, and weak digital content, alongside a detailed analysis of linguistic issues at phonetic (e.g., sound discrimination), morphological (e.g., verb conjugation), syntactic (e.g., agreement errors), and pragmatic (e.g., context-inappropriate usage) levels. To demonstrate the feasibility of overcoming these difficulties, the study draws upon Dr. Abdullah Al-Dannan’s experiment, which demonstrates that Arabic can be naturally acquired through practice rather than complex grammatical rote learning. Additionally, statistical analysis of a questionnaire administered to university students reveals that student alienation stems from overly complex curricula, excessive memorization, and traditional teaching methods rather than the language’s intrinsic structure. The study concludes that the core gap exists between linguistic theory and educational application, recommending grammar simplification, curriculum modernization, and enhanced teacher training to elevate the Arabic language and streamline its acquisition.
Modern Linguistics, Arabic Language Education, Linguistic Challenges, Diglossia, Pragmatics
Artificial Intelligence and Writing Skill Development: Emerging Strategies, Opportunities, and Challenges
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an increasingly influential technology in education, offering new opportunities to support the development of writing skills. This literature review examines the major strategies, benefits, and challenges associated with the use of AI for enhancing writing skills. The review highlights several AI-based strategies, including automated writing feedback, grammar and language correction, idea generation, planning, drafting, revision, personalized learning, and vocabulary development. AI-powered tools can provide immediate and individualized feedback, enabling learners to identify errors, revise their work, and engage more actively in the writing process. These technologies may also promote learner autonomy, motivation, accessibility, and continuous opportunities for writing practice. However, the increasing use of AI, particularly generative AI, presents important challenges. These include overreliance on technology, academic integrity and authorship concerns, inaccurate or inappropriate feedback, reduced critical thinking and creativity, algorithmic bias, privacy issues, unequal access, and insufficient digital and AI literacy. The review emphasizes that the effectiveness of AI in writing education depends on its pedagogical integration and the continued guidance of teachers. AI should therefore function as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for human instruction or independent learner effort. The paper concludes that balanced, ethical, and pedagogically informed AI integration can contribute meaningfully to writing development while preserving learner autonomy, critical thinking, creativity, and academic integrity.
artificial intelligence, writing skills, AI-assisted writing, automated feedback, writing instruction
The Impact of Emirati-Israeli Relations on the Palestinian Cause
This study examines the impact of Emirati-Israeli relations on the Palestinian cause by employing historical, descriptive-analytical, and comparative methodologies, It is grounded in the hypothesis that this normalization paves the way for Israel to penetrate the Arab region and normalize its regional standing. The impact of these relations is twofold. First, direct effects are manifested politically and economically through the deepening of the internal Palestinian rift between Fatah and Hamas, the exacerbation of organizational disputes within Fatah, and the escalation of settlement expansion alongside increased restrictions on Palestinians within Israel—despite Emirati arguments framing the accord as a measure to halt annexation. Economically, the agreement contributed to lifting the boycott, opening markets to Israeli products, and enhancing commercial and tourism partnerships, coinciding with a reduction and cut off of financial support to the Palestinian Authority, which negatively affected national income and elevated unemployment rates. ​Second, long-term effects aim to dilute the Arab-Israeli conflict, transforming it from an existential struggle rooted in land and identity into a manageable political dispute. This process empties the Arab Peace Initiative of its core substance and integrates Israel as a standard actor within the "New Middle East" project. Furthermore, this strategic shift seeks to liquidate the Palestinian cause by undermining the Right of Return, compromising refugee status, proposing resettlement scenarios, weakening Arab political solidarity, and reshaping public consciousness. The research concludes that Emirati-Israeli normalization has ultimately consolidated Israel’s political and economic gains at the expense of weakening the Palestinian position, entrenching the apartheid system, and reducing the aspirations of the Palestinian people to mere limited self-rule.
العلاقات - الإماراتية - الإسرائيلية -القضية – الفلسطينية
The International Legal Framework for Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing: An Analytical Study in Light of International Conventions and Standards
Money laundering and terrorist financing have become among the most serious transnational financial crimes due to their impact on the economic, financial, and security stability of nations, and their connection to organized crime networks, corruption, illicit trafficking, and other criminal activities. Combating these crimes is no longer a purely domestic matter limited to national legislation; it now requires an international legal framework based on cooperation between states, information exchange, legal and judicial assistance, and the freezing, confiscation, and recovery of assets. This study aims to analyze the international legal system for combating money laundering and terrorist financing by examining key international agreements, legal instruments, and standards. It also explores the role of the United Nations, the Security Council, and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in developing this system, in addition to analyzing mechanisms for financial, banking, judicial, and security cooperation. Furthermore, the study examines the Libyan experience by analyzing the national legislative framework, particularly Law No. (2) of 2005 concerning combating money laundering, and assessing the extent to which national legislation aligns with international trends in combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The study concludes that the international legal system has witnessed significant development in confronting these crimes, but its effectiveness does not depend solely on the existence of international agreements and standards, but is linked to the degree to which states implement their obligations, the efficiency of their national institutions, the effectiveness of international cooperation, and their ability to confront modern technological and financial developments.
Money laundering, terrorist financing, international law, FATF, United Nations, international cooperation, Libya, financial crimes.
The Multiplicity of Meaning: A Comparative Analysis of Polysemy in Quranic Translation
The translation of religious texts poses unique and intricate challenges. This is particularly more apparent when it pertains to capturing the subtle meaning by using suitable equivalence, since one lexical term has various meanings based on its particular context. This study examines the difficulties and consequences of translating these polysemous words from Arabic to English. The data of this study were collected from the Quran, where four verses that contain the terms Fitnah, Ummah, and Huda were chosen because they have different meanings. Employing a qualitative and comparative approach, the research examines the terms Fitnah, Ummah, and Huda within three prominent translations: Marmaduke Pickthall (1930), Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1934), and M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (2004). The results indicate that dependence on "formal equivalence" or literal translation frequently results in "semantic thinning," causing the theological richness and logical consistency of the original text to be diminished. In contrast, contemporary "functional" methods that emphasize contextual interpretation are better at maintaining and conveying the original message. The research finds that although no English term can entirely capture the complex essence of Quranic polysemy, employing explanatory descriptors and exegetical footnotes is crucial to avoid theological misinterpretation and provide a clearer understanding for non-Arabic speakers.
Quranic Translation, Polysemy, Linguistics, Comparative Analysis, Semantic Loss
Educational technology and its impact on the academic achievement of students in the second stage of basic education, from the perspective of some teachers within the municipality of Surman
This empirical study aimed to investigate the reality of instructional technology integration and its direct impact on the academic achievement of second-cycle basic education pupils (Grades 7, 8, and 9) within the Surman Municipality Education Directorate, from the perspective of active teachers. The descriptive-analytical methodology was utilized. The target population and study sample comprised all (63) male and female teachers using the comprehensive census technique. A structured questionnaire was designed as the primary data collection instrument, divided into four core dimensions: availability and utilization, cognitive achievement impact, skill acquisition and motivation, and infrastructural/logistical obstacles. The tool achieved high construct reliability (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.89). Statistical processing was conducted via SPSS software. The statistical findings demonstrated a high overall perceived impact of educational technology on pupil academic achievement (Mean = 3.84, SD = 0.58). Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found regarding specialized technology training in favor of trained teachers, whereas no significant differences were detected based on gender or years of teaching experience. The study highly recommends equipping basic education facilities with multimedia technology, solar power backup solutions, and systematizing TPACK-based instructional development programs for educators.
Educational Technology, Academic Achievement, Second Cycle, Basic Education, Surman Municipality, Teachers' Perspectives.
The Problematic of Rebuilding the Fragile State in Post-2011 Libya: The Dialectic of Security, Democratic Transition, and Economic Reform
Fragile states emerging from multidimensional institutional collapse face three intertwined imperatives: rebuilding security institutions, charting a political transition, and reforming the economy — trapped in a vicious circle in which the absence of security forecloses economic or political reform, while economic decline and political polarization further deepen security fragility. This study examines this dynamic in Libya's post-2011 trajectory as an extreme case for sequencing debates in political science, employing a single-case-study design grounded in documentary content analysis of peer-reviewed academic literature and official/international reports. The study adopts a sequential perspective positing that priority must be given to building and unifying a genuine, professional, and politically neutral national military-security institution — protective of the state's entity and constitution, loyal to the state alone, built as an entirely new institution that supersedes the existing divided factions and derives its legitimacy exclusively from the constitution and the state, removed from the unilateral military dominance of any single faction or any negotiated settlement that legitimizes existing militias — as the precondition that protects the political transition from collapsing into a divided facade democracy, to be followed by economic reform grounded in the political legitimacy of an elected government. The study's original contribution lies in its diagnostic character: identifying the three specific obstacles that prevented Libya from meeting this precondition — multilateral external intervention, a war economy, and the absence of political will and national reconciliation — substantiated by direct internal empirical evidence: the 2012 and 2014 elections, held without prior security unification, which produced recurring institutional division, further corroborated by contemporary financial and index data documenting the persistence of this pattern through 2026.
fragile state; Libya; sequencing; state-building; security; democratic transition; economic reform
PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTIMODAL AUDIO-VISUAL INSTRUCTION IN DEVELOPING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION AMONG LIBYAN UNIVERSITY EFL LEARNERS
This study examines the perceived effectiveness of multimodal audio-visual instruction in supporting English pronunciation learning among EFL students at the University of Zawia, Libya. A mixed-methods design combined quantitative evidence from an eleven-item student questionnaire with qualitative evidence from semi-structured teacher interviews, Seventy-four valid questionnaires were analysed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, while interviews with four English teachers were examined through thematic analysis, The questionnaire achieved acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .719), The overall mean was 2.22 on a three-point scale, indicating a moderate level of perceived effectiveness, Students strongly associated audio and video with a more interesting classroom and with facilitated learning, but reported substantially less consistent classroom use by teachers, The interviews identified persistent challenges involving Arabic-language transfer, unfamiliar phonetic symbols, limited facilities, variable teacher readiness, and learner motivation, At the same time, teachers described audio-visual modelling, imitation, repetition, and out-of-class practice as useful mechanisms for raising phonological awareness and supporting clearer production, The findings reveal an implementation gap: learner acceptance and perceived pedagogical value are stronger than the systematic institutional use of audio-visual resources, The study recommends targeted teacher development, improved technical infrastructure, carefully designed pronunciation tasks, and future experimental research using objective pre- and post-measures of intelligibility, comprehensibility, segmental accuracy, and prosody.
audio-visual aids; English pronunciation; multimodal learning; EFL; University of Zawia; Libya.
Feudalism in Africa from the Mid-6th to the End of the 9th Century AH [900–1160 / 1494–1160 AD]
This study examines the feudal system in Africa during the period from 900–1160 AH / 1494–1160 AD. This was a historical stage that witnessed important political and economic transformations with the rise of the Almohad state. The research continues by analyzing the nature, form, and functions of feudalism, and its role in the development of the Maghrebi feudal system. The study is based on the premise that feudalism in Africa was not merely a method of granting land in exchange for military service. Rather, it was a complex system linked to the consolidation of the political state and its orientation toward establishing power and organizing relations with the army and local tribes. It was also a means of exploiting agricultural resources and ensuring economic production. The study clarifies that feudalism emerged during the Almohad era, as the state relied on granting land and fiefs to certain military and tribal groups to ensure loyalty and stability. With the development of the private ownership system, it became more closely linked to the state's political and administrative structure, and appeared in the form of sectors for princes, state officials, and the elite. The research also highlights the types of feudalism in Africa, including military, administrative, and productive feudalism, as well as feudalism linked to fiefs. It examines their relationship to land ownership, methods of independence, and their impact on farmers and agricultural production relations. The study relies on historical sources and Maliki jurisprudential books to uncover issues related to land ownership, agricultural rights, and the rights associated with the prevalent feuds. The study concludes that feudalism was a key factor in shaping the Maghrebi feudal structure and linking politics and agricultural wealth. It also reflects the specificity of the African experience in which the military factor intersected with the tribal and agricultural factors.
Feudalism – Africa – Almohad State – Private State – Maghrebi Ownership – Agrarian Land – Al-Zawail – Ownership – Maghreb
The Role of Agricultural Extension in Reducing Obstacles to Adopting Hydroponics among Vegetable Farmers in Al-Jumail, Libya
The study aimed to identify the role of agricultural extension in reducing the obstacles to adopting hydroponics among vegetable growers in Al-Jmail City, Libya، The study used the descriptive analytical method, and a questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 46 farmers، The research examined farmers’ knowledge of hydroponics, the role of agricultural extension in promoting it, the obstacles limiting its adoption, and farmers’ attitudes toward its application، The results showed that farmers’ knowledge of hydroponics was moderate, while adoption obstacles were high, especially those related to high costs, limited support, and the lack of specialized technicians، The findings also revealed a statistically significant relationship between agricultural extension and reducing adoption obstacles، The study recommended activating extension programs and providing practical training, technical support, and financial assistance to farmers.
Agricultural extension, hydroponics, adoption obstacles, vegetable growers, Al-Jmail City.
Abu Sa'id al-Sirafi and His Commentary on Sibawayh's Al-Kitab A Descriptive Study
This study seeks to understand Hegel’s concept of the Absolute Idea not as a merely abstract philosophical notion, but as a dynamic movement through which reason becomes conscious of itself in the course of history. The central problem of the study is concerned with how the Absolute Idea, as the highest manifestation of reason, is transformed into perceptible beauty, and how beauty becomes an expression of the spirit’s self-consciousness within the world. The study considers the Idea as an ongoing process of becoming that develops through contradiction and transcendence, whereby truth is not revealed at once, but gradually unfolds through time. Within this framework, beauty is understood not merely as an ornament of reality, but as a mode through which meaning becomes embodied and perceptible in material form. The study adopts a historical, analytical, and critical approach in tracing the development of the Idea, analyzing the dialectical structure of Hegel’s philosophical concepts, and examining his system according to its internal logic. The findings indicate that Hegel’s Absolute Idea is a dialectical movement that passes through the subjective, objective, and absolute stages, culminating in the return of consciousness to itself after its alienation in the world. Beauty represents a moment in which the Idea becomes sensuously manifest. Artistic beauty, therefore, surpasses natural beauty because art embodies the spirit’s conscious expression through material form. The study also demonstrates that art develops through three forms: symbolic, classical, and romantic, each reflecting a different relationship between the Idea and its sensible form. This development ultimately extends from art to religion and finally to philosophy, where truth attains its highest form as self-conscious thought. Accordingly, beauty is not an independent end, but a fundamental moment in the movement of truth through which the Absolute Idea recognizes and reveals itself in the world.
Absolute Idea; Hegel; Beauty; Art; Spirit
The Impact of Pragmatic Thought on Our Arab-Islamic Society
يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة أثر الفكر البراجماتي في المجتمع العربي الإسلامي، من خلال مقاربة تحليلية نقدية تتناول الأسس الفلسفية التي قام عليها الفكر البراجماتي، وأبرز مرتكزاته المتمثلة في التجربة والعمل والمنفعة والنتائج العملية، ثم تتبع مظاهر انتقال بعض مفاهيمه إلى البيئة العربية والإسلامية، والكشف عن طبيعة تأثيرها في أنماط التفكير والثقافة والتربية والتعليم والقيم والممارسة الاجتماعية والسياسية. وينطلق البحث من فرضية مؤداها أن حضور الفكر البراجماتي في المجال العربي الإسلامي لم يكن مجرد انتقال لمذهب فلسفي غربي بصورة مباشرة، وإنما جاء في إطار تفاعل فكري وحضاري عبر حركة الترجمة والتعليم والبعثات والاحتكاك بالفلسفة الغربية الحديثة، فضلًا عن إسهامات عدد من المفكرين العرب الذين سعوا إلى الإفادة من بعض الاتجاهات الفلسفية المعاصرة في معالجة إشكالات الفكر العربي. ويبرز في هذا السياق مشروع زكي نجيب محمود بوصفه نموذجًا مهمًا لمحاولة توظيف بعض عناصر الفكر البراجماتي في مشروع تجديد الفكر العربي وإعادة النظر في العلاقة بين التراث والواقع. وقد خلص البحث إلى أن للفكر البراجماتي جملة من الآثار الإيجابية التي يمكن الإفادة منها في المجتمع العربي الإسلامي، ولا سيما تعزيز قيمة العمل، وربط المعرفة بالممارسة، وتنمية التفكير النقدي، وتشجيع التجربة والبحث، والحد من الجمود الفكري، وربط العملية التعليمية بمشكلات الواقع واحتياجات المجتمع. غير أن هذه الإفادة تظل مشروطة بضرورة التمييز بين الجانب المنهجي والعملي في البراجماتية وبين بعض نتائجها الفلسفية التي قد تتعارض مع طبيعة المرجعية الدينية والقيمية للمجتمع العربي الإسلامي. كما يكشف البحث عن بعض الآثار السلبية المحتملة للتبني غير النقدي للفكر البراجماتي، وفي مقدمتها اختزال الحقيقة في المنفعة، وإخضاع القيم الأخلاقية للنتائج العملية، وتغليب المصلحة الآنية على المبادئ، والنظر إلى التراث من منظور نفعي محض؛ الأمر الذي قد يؤدي إلى إضعاف البعد الروحي والأخلاقي في البناء الحضاري للمجتمع. وبناءً على ذلك، يؤكد البحث أن الموقف العلمي المتوازن من الفكر البراجماتي لا ينبغي أن يقوم على الرفض المطلق أو القبول غير المشروط، وإنما على مبدأ الاستيعاب النقدي وإعادة التوظيف الحضاري؛ بحيث يستفيد الفكر العربي الإسلامي من قيم العمل والتجربة والنقد والفاعلية وحل المشكلات، مع الحفاظ على ثوابت منظومته المعرفية والأخلاقية. ويخلص البحث، في ضوء ذلك، إلى أن القيمة الحقيقية التي يمكن أن تضيفها البراجماتية إلى المجتمع العربي الإسلامي تتمثل في إعادة وصل الفكر بالواقع، والمعرفة بالعمل، والنظرية بالتطبيق، دون تحويل المنفعة إلى معيار وحيد للحقيقة أو القيمة؛ بما يتيح بناء رؤية فكرية معاصرة قادرة على الانفتاح على منجزات الفكر الإنساني، مع الاحتفاظ بالاستقلال الحضاري والخصوصية القيمية للمجتمع العربي الإسلامي. الكلمات المفتاحية: الفكر البراجماتي، المجتمع العربي الإسلامي، البراجماتية، وليام جيمس، جون ديوي، زكي نجيب محمود، التجربة، المنفعة، القيم، التجديد الفكري، التراث.
The Reality of Applying Quality Management Principles in Higher Education Institutions
This study aimed to investigate the reality of implementing quality management principles in higher education institutions, identify the most prominent structural, administrative, and human challenges that hinder their optimal application, and propose a framework for developing academic and institutional performance. To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. A structured questionnaire was developed as the primary data collection tool and distributed to a representative sample of faculty members, academic leaders, and administrative staff within the university environment under study. The study anticipates finding a moderate level of quality principles implementation, alongside significant obstacles related to the lack of specialized training programs for personnel and resistance to organizational change. The study recommends the necessity of fostering a culture of total quality and empowering quality assurance offices with adequate authority and resources to achieve continuous improvement.
Quality Management Higher Education Academic Performance Institutional Development
The Saguia el-Hamra and Wadi al-Dahab Problem and its Repercussions on Neighboring Countries
The Western Sahara conflict is a complex regional and international issue deeply intertwined with the history of Northwest Africa and the region's strategic and geographical importance. Its location connecting Africa and Europe, coupled with the richness of its coastline in fisheries due to its natural, mineral, and water resources, made it a target of interest and competition among colonial powers since the late 19th century. The region has been subject to numerous external ambitions and interventions, beginning with the Spanish and Portuguese rivalry during the Age of Exploration and culminating in the Spanish-French rivalry during the colonial era. The issue became even more complex following Spain's withdrawal from the territory in 1975 and the subsequent Madrid Agreement, which transferred administration to Morocco and Mauritania. Mauritania withdrew from the conflict in 1979, leaving the dispute primarily between Morocco and the Polisario Front until 1991. Since then, the issue has entered a phase characterized by the absence of a final settlement, while international efforts continue to find a political solution that will determine the region's future, particularly through the efforts of the United Nations and the African Union Given the geopolitical nature of the issue and the intertwining of its historical, regional, and international dimensions, this study examines the roots of the conflict in Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro, the positions of neighboring countries on the issue, and international stances on it, with the aim of analyzing the factors that have contributed to the continuation of the conflict and the difficulty in reaching a final settlement.
Assessing the development of the financial performance of the insurance sector in Libya in light of economic challenges: A comparative study between the period 2014-2022
This study aimed to evaluate the development of the financial performance of the Libyan insurance sector through a comparative analysis between solvency indicators during the period 2014-2020 and financial performance indicators for the year 2022, in the context of the economic challenges witnessed by the country. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach in collecting and analyzing financial data published by the Insurance Supervision Authority and previous studies. The study found a notable improvement in most financial performance indicators of the Libyan insurance sector during 2022 compared to the previous period, as the retention rate increased from 55.14% to 63%, liquidity rose to 205%, and profitability improved significantly. However, the Libyan insurance sector still suffers from weak insurance penetration and high reliance on reinsurance in some sectors. The study recommended enhancing risk management, improving investment portfolios, increasing insurance awareness, and developing the legislative and regulatory framework in line with international standards.
Financial Performance, Libyan Insurance Sector, Solvency Indicators, Economic Challenges, Credit Rating, CARAMEL Model
The Impact of Digital Transformation Technologies on Service Quality (A Field Study on Libya Telecom Company, Zawiya Communications Area)
This study aimed to identify the impact of digital transformation technologies on achieving service quality at Libya Telecom Company, Zawiya Communications Area, from the perspective of the company’s employees, managers, administrators, and technicians. To achieve the study’s objectives and test its hypotheses, the researchers relied on the use of the descriptive method. The study included a simple random sample of (183) respondents. The data was collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS. The results showed that the level of use of digital transformation technologies at Libya Telecom's Zawiya Communications Area, specifically technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and cyber security, is high from the perspective of the company's employees. The Internet of Things ranked first with a mean score of 3.85, followed by cyber security with a mean score of 3.81, cloud computing with a mean score of 3.70, and artificial intelligence with a mean score of 3.68. All of these achieved high levels, indicating positive indicators that all digital transformation technologies are available and contribute to improving the quality of services provided. The results also showed that there is a statistically significant effect of digital transformation technologies on achieving the quality of services provided by the company, as the value of the correlation coefficient reached (0.784) with a positive sign, and this indicates a direct relationship, meaning that the more the company pays attention to digital transformation technologies, the greater the level of improvement in the quality of services. Based on the results, the study recommended the need to promote the use of digital transformation technologies due to their positive impact on achieving service quality. Working to provide the necessary digital technologies, employing and attracting qualified personnel in the field of information systems and programming, and ensuring the dissemination of a culture of digital transformation within the company, encouraging, training, and raising awareness among employees about cyber security and its importance in achieving quality services.
Digital transformation, quality of services, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, Internet of Things, cybersecurity
Traffic Accidents Between Government and Driver Responsibility: A Statistical Study of Annual Traffic Crashes on the Coastal Road in Janzour, Libya
Traffic crashes are among the major problems facing transportation systems because of their human, material, and economic consequences and the interaction of several contributing factors. This study analyzes annual traffic crashes on the coastal road in Janzour, Libya, and examines their relationship with road factors, driver factors, pedestrian factors, environmental and weather conditions, and traffic officers and traffic violations. Annual data covering the period 2012–2025 were used. The annual number of traffic crashes was considered the dependent variable Y, while road factors X1, driver factors X2, pedestrian factors X3, environmental and weather conditions X4, and traffic officers and traffic violations X5 were considered independent variables. The statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, the Phillips–Perron test, the Granger causality test, Ordinary Least Squares regression, and diagnostic tests. The results revealed a very strong positive correlation between driver factors X2 and annual traffic crashes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9284. The OLS model indicated that X2 was the most statistically significant variable, with a coefficient of 1.151507 and a p-value of 0.0001. The coefficient of determination was R2=0.898403, while the adjusted R2 was 0.853249. The diagnostic tests provided no clear statistical evidence of serial correlation or heteroscedasticity according to the tests applied. The Granger causality test did not provide sufficient evidence of direct temporal causality at the lags used. The findings indicate that driver-related factors are the most statistically evident factor in the available data. However, this does not imply that drivers alone are responsible for traffic crashes, since road safety is a system involving road conditions, drivers, pedestrians, environmental and weather conditions, and traffic enforcement.
Traffic crashes; Annual traffic crashes; Road safety; Road factors; Driver factors; Pedestrian factors; Weather conditions; Traffic violations; Janzour; Libya.
Analytical Study from the Perspectives of Developmental Psychology and Kindergarten Education
This research aims to provide an in-depth analytical study of the effectiveness of play in developing a child's personality from the perspectives of developmental psychology and early childhood education. The research addresses the concept of play, its characteristics and classifications, and the components of a child's personality (social, emotional, cognitive, and psychomotor). It reviews psychological and educational theories that explain the relationship between play and personality development, such as the theories of Freud, Piaget, and Vygotsky, as well as more recent theories like attachment theory and emotional intelligence. The research also analyzes the effectiveness of different types of play (free, guided, dramatic, constructive, and sensory-motor) in promoting various aspects of development and reviews the latest field studies and methodological reviews in this area. Furthermore, the research discusses the factors influencing the effectiveness of play and the contemporary challenges it faces, such as the impact of technology and the pressures of early academic study. The research concludes with a set of findings and recommendations directed at parents, educators, educational policymakers, and psychologists, with the goal of maximizing the benefits of play as a fundamental and effective tool in building a child's well-rounded personality. It also offers suggestions for future research to deepen understanding in this field.
personality development, early childhood, developmental psychology, kindergarten, social development, emotional development, cognitive development, physical-motor development.
Investing in human resources and its role in achieving economic and social development (A study on a sample of employees in the professional sector in the municipality of Bani Walid - Libya)
This study aimed to measure investment in human capital and its role in achieving development between the real vision of youth investment and the reality of neglect. A field study on the employees of the job sector in the municipality of Bani Walid, this study adopted the analytical descriptive approach, and this was applied to a random sample irregular to the employees of the job sector in the municipality of Bani Walid, amounted to (100) single males and females, and was distributed (100) questionnaire on the sample of the study and returned (100) questionnaire, and the participation rate of the sample of the study was 100% boys corrected for statistical analysis. The study came out as a result that most of the members of the sample have a university level of 64.0%, 83.0% of the sample members confirm that the sector in which they work does not work competitions for the selection of employees, as it became clear to the researcher that 70.0% of the sample members confirm that the functional sectors do not provide internet service to employees in order to acquire knowledge about work.
استثمار - الموارد - البشرية - التنمية - الاقتصادية – الاجتماعية
The Impact of Establishing a Depositors' Fund on the Security and Safety of Bank Deposits A Field Study
يهدف البحث الى التعرف على أثر إنشاء صندوق ضمان أموال المودعين , على حجم الودائع في القطاع المصرفي الليبي حيث تم استخدام مجموعة من المؤشرات المالية لدراسة متغيرات البحث , من خلال استخدام المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي للحكم على قبول او رفض فرضيات البحث , وشمل مجتمع البحث عدد من موظفي صندوق ضمان أموال المودعين والمصارف التجارية العامة والخاصة والإسلامية , الخاضعة لرقابة المصرف المركزي والأعضاء في الصندوق , واظهرت النتائج بوجود أثر إيجابي ضعيف بإمكانية قيام الصندوق بتعويض كافة الشرائح حسب القيم المتراكمة كاحتياطي طرف الصندوق , نظراً لانخفاض قيمة رسم الاشتراك من ناحية والارتفاع الحاصل في قيم الودائع بالمصارف محل البحث .
صندوق ضمان أموال المودعين، رسم الاشتراك، التغطية التأمينية، القطاع المصرفي الليبي
The Impact of Changing the Form and Content of the Auditor's Report on Audit Quality: A Field Study in Light of International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 700 (Auditor's Report) and ISA 701 (Major Audit Matters)
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على اثر تغيير شكل ومحتوى تقرير المحاسب القانوني وفقاً لمعيار المراجعة الدولي رقم 700 (تقرير المحاسب القانوني) ومعيار المراجعة الدولي الجديد رقم 701 (مسائل المراجعة الرئيسية) على تحسين جودة عملية المراجعة، وجودة القائم المالية المراجعة، كما هدفت الى التعرف على اهم التعديلات التي جاء بها معياري المراجعة الدوليين رقم (700) و (701). ولتحقيق أهداف هذه الدراسة تم تصميم استبانة وجهت إلى فئات عينة الدراسة، وتم تحليل البيانات التي تم تجميعها باستخدام مجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية الملائمة والمتمثلة في الأساليب الإحصائية الوصفية، بالإضافة الى الإحصاء الاستنتاجي حيث تم استخدام بعض الاختبارات الاحصائية مثل اختبار (One Samples–T-test)، واختبار (Independent Samples–T-test). وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن هناك اثر لتغيير شكل ومحتوى تقرير المحاسب القانوني وفقاً لمعياري المراجعة الدولية رقم (700) تقرير المحاسب القانوني، والمعيار الدولي رقم (701) مسائل المراجعة الرئيسية، في تحسين جودة عملية المراجعة وجودة القوائم المالية. كما اظهرت نتائج الدراسة عدم وجود فروقات ذات دلالة احصائية بين اراء كل من المحاسبين القانونيين والأكاديميين حول اثر تغيير شكل ومحتوى تقرير المحاسب القانوني في تحسين جودة عملية المراجعة وتحسين جودة القوائم المالية. وبناءً على النتائج السابقة يوصي الباحث بضرورة العمل على إيجاد آلية من قبل الجهات ذات العلاقة للتأكد من التزام المحاسبين القانونيين عند إعداد تقاريرهم، بمتطلبات معيار المراجعة الدولي رقم (700) وتعديلاته، ومعيار المراجعة الدولي رقم (701) ، كما يوصي الباحث بضرورة العمل على تدريس التعديلات المتعلقة بتقرير المحاسب القانوني ضمن مناهج مادة المراجعة بأقسام المحاسبة، بالإضافة الى ضرورة إجراء المزيد من الأبحاث في هذا المجال.
تقرير – المحاسب - القانوني -جودة - المراجعة
Applications of Islamic Political Theory in Libyan Law: The Punishment for Adultery as a Case Study
The issuance of legislation is an authority granted by Islamic law to the ruler, taking into account the general principles issued by Islamic law in matters not explicitly addressed in the texts, as well as choosing the opinion most suitable to the people's circumstances from among the opinions of the various schools of Islamic jurisprudence. A set of laws has been issued in Libya that take into account the application of the principle of Islamic governance, including the punishment for adultery. This punishment was specifically addressed in Law No. 70 of 1973. The aim of this study is to understand the foundations upon which the law on the punishment for adultery is based, and then to determine the extent to which the texts of the law adhere to the principle of Islamic governance. The punishment for adultery is defined linguistically and technically, and the elements of this crime are discussed, as well as who has the right to file a lawsuit. The study also addresses the impermissibility of waiving this crime due to its severe harm to the individual and society, as prohibited in the hadith. It further explains that circumstantial evidence is a means of proof in our time, and that the punishment for the perpetrator, male or female, is one hundred lashes, as stated in the verse regarding unmarried individuals. The law contradicts scholarly consensus by equating the punishment for adultery with that of an unmarried person, making the punishment for both lashes, whereas the punishment for adultery committed while married is stoning, not lashes. The paper states that Islamic law recognizes discretionary punishment (ta'zir) as a disciplinary measure to be resorted to in cases where there is no prescribed punishment (hadd) or expiation (kaffarah). This is established in the Quran and Sunnah. The paper concludes that, through inductive reasoning and analysis of Law No. 70 of 1973, it was found that most of its provisions conform to the principles of Islamic political theory (siyasah), except in the case of adultery committed by a married person and an unmarried person. The law does not differentiate between them in terms of punishment. Therefore, Article 2-1 of this law concerning adultery committed by a married person should be amended to ensure full alignment between the law and the principles of Islamic political theory.
Applications - Politics - Islamic Law - Libyan Law - Adultery
A Survey Study of the Freshwater Leech Fauna (Hirudinea) in Springs and Water Pools of the Jabal Al-Akhdar Region, Libya
This study aimed to survey and document the diversity of freshwater leech fauna (Hirudinea) at ten water bodies (springs and pools) in the Jabal Al-Akhdar region of northeastern Libya, through monthly field visits to each site over twelve consecutive months, from November 2024 to October 2025. The species was not recorded at any of the ten sites during eight months of the study (November–April and September–October), while it was detected at all ten sites during the four months from May to August, with a 100% detection rate (not relative abundance) each month. A cumulative total of 100 specimens (10 per site) were collected during the months of occurrence; based on morphological examination alone without molecular confirmation specimens were identified as most likely belonging to a single species, the Nile leech Limnatis nilotica (Savigny, 1822). This identification relied on external morphological characters using internationally recognised taxonomic keys, as molecular analysis was not available. The results indicate limited recorded leech diversity in the region compared with Tunisia and Morocco; several possible ecological and geographical explanations are proposed and warrant further investigation, while acknowledging that reliance on morphology alone constitutes a methodological limitation in light of recent molecular studies revealing the possible presence of cryptic species within the genus in North Africa. The study recommends broadening the spatial coverage of sites, repeating the survey across multiple years, measuring associated environmental variables, and applying DNA barcoding techniques to confirm the specific identity of the specimens.
Leech; Hirudinea; Limnatis nilotica; Jabal Al-Akhdar; Libya; freshwater fauna
European disagreements over the Russian-Ukrainian war and its repercussions
This study aimed to analyze European divisions over the Russian–Ukrainian war, examine its economic and security repercussions for Europe, and determine whether these divisions preceded the war or resulted from it. The study employed the descriptive-analytical method to examine European countries’ positions and their political, economic, and security determinants. The findings showed that European positions were not unified; rather, they were shaped by national interests, dependence on Russian energy, and each country’s security concerns. The study also revealed that intertwined interests with Russia prevented a complete rupture, while the war exposed the fragility of the European security system and increased burdens related to energy, inflation, trade, and refugees. Conversely, the crisis prompted European countries to increase defense spending, strengthen NATO’s role, and reconsider their military and energy policies. The study recommended strengthening European strategic autonomy, diversifying energy sources, developing defense systems, and supporting a diplomatic settlement.
European divisions, Russian–Ukrainian war, European Union, NATO, European security.
The Causal Relationship Between Oil Prices and Money Supply in the Libyan Economy During the Period 1970-2025
The current research analyses the causal relationship between oil prices and money supply in Libya economy ranging from 1970 to 2025, co-integration approach was adopted in this research by using Engel-Granger method, error correction method, and Engle causality to identify the co-integration relationship between oil prices and money supply in the long and short run and their directions. The study resulted that there is no causal relationship between oil prices and money supply in the long and short term.
Oil Prices, Money supply, Libya Economy, Co-integration
The Potential of Seaports as Tourist Destinations (A Case Study of the Port of Sousse, Libya)
This study aims to examine the potential for utilising seaports as tourist destinations that contribute to the diversification of the tourism product and the promotion of local economic development, through an applied study of the port of Sousse in Libya. To achieve this, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilising field research tools to collect data from the study population, The significance of the study lies in its presentation of a scientific framework for utilising the resources available at the port to foster the emergence of a tourism sector that serves as a new attraction, particularly in light of Libya’s drive to rebuild service facilities and develop its tourism infrastructure The study concluded that tourism services associated with the port remain limited, being confined to receiving local visitors and providing basic services for fishing boats and boat trips, whilst there is a shortage of tourist moorings, tourist service centres, tourist reception facilities, restaurants, cafés and specialised leisure services.
Tourist Ports, Tourism Services, Tourism Destination, Susa City