Comprehensive Journal of Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
الإدارة العامة للمطبوعات والمصنفات الفنيةبوزارة الثقافة والمجتمع المدني
The Impact of the Level of Compliance with the ISO/IEC 27001 Standard on Cybersecurity in Libyan Commercial Banks
This study aims to examine the impact of the level of compliance with ISO/IEC 27001 requirements on cybersecurity in Libyan commercial banks, considering the increasing adoption of digital systems and electronic banking services and the growing cyber threats associated with digital transformation. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach and used a questionnaire to collect data from employees in information security, information technology, risk management, and internal audit departments in Libyan commercial banks. A total of (26) valid questionnaire were analysed using SPSS through Cronbach’s Alpha, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that the level of compliance with ISO/IEC 27001 requirements and the level of cybersecurity were high. The results also showed a statistically significant positive relationship between ISO/IEC 27001 compliance dimensions and cybersecurity, and that these dimensions explain (65.8%) of the variation in cybersecurity level. Cybersecurity risk management was found to have the strongest impact, followed by technical and procedural controls and information security governance, while security awareness and human factors require further improvement. The study recommends strengthening ISO/IEC 27001 implementation, developing cybersecurity awareness and training programs, and improving cybersecurity risk management practices to enhance information protection and ensure business continuity in the banking sector.
ISO/IEC 27001, Cybersecurity, Information Security Management System, Cybersecurity Risk Management, Libyan Commercial Banks
Copyright (c) 2026 Comprehensive Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Story-Based Instruction for Enhancing English Language Learning among Young Learners in Libyan Primary Schools
The main aim of teaching and learning English in Libyan primary and nursery schools is to enhance and develop children's ability to communicate effectively in English. Therefore, the present project seeks to explore the role of story-based language teaching in enhancing English language learning among young learners in Libyan primary schools. The study aims to promote communicative competence, vocabulary acquisition, listening comprehension, and positive attitudes toward learning English as a foreign language. In other words, it is designed for beginner-level learners aged seven to eight years. It's Mine! is the selected storybook, providing an engaging and meaningful context through which young learners can interact with language in an imaginative and enjoyable environment. The project integrates a range of pedagogical activities, including Total Physical Response (TPR), storytelling, games, songs, flashcards, drama, and self-assessment tasks. These activities are grounded in established theories of second language acquisition and young learner pedagogy, emphasizing meaningful input, learner engagement, and social interaction. The project demonstrates how story-based teaching can create a learner-centred classroom environment that supports language development while fostering active participation, motivation, and creativity. The findings suggest that the integration of stories and interactive activities can contribute significantly to the development of children's communicative skills and enhance the overall effectiveness of English language teaching in Libyan primary education.
Young Learners; Storytelling; English as a Foreign Language (EFL); Communicative Language Teaching; Vocabulary Development; Primary Education; Libya, Language Learning Motivation.
A study on the effectiveness of read-only root filesystems in mitigating persistent malware threats
Persistent malware poses a serious challenge to operating systems due to its ability to remain active within a system over extended periods, even after reboot. This persistence enables sustained unauthorized access to system resources and data. In most cases, such behavior depends on the ability to introduce lasting modifications to system files—an inherent characteristic of traditional mutable systems. This highlights the need for approaches that address persistence at the system design level, rather than relying solely on detection after compromise. This paper investigates the effectiveness of enforcing a read-only root filesystem as a means of limiting persistence. To this end, a controlled experimental setup was implemented using a container-based environment. Two configurations were examined: a standard mutable system and a second configuration designed to emulate immutability by enforcing read-only access to the root filesystem. A simple persistence-oriented scenario was used, in which attempts were made to write files into system directories. The observations were consistent across all trials. In the mutable configuration, write operations targeting system directories such as /etc were successful, allowing modifications to remain after execution. In contrast, the read-only configuration prevented all such attempts, effectively blocking the introduction of persistent changes. These results suggest that restricting write access at the filesystem level can significantly limit the ability of malware to establish persistence. While this approach does not eliminate all possible attack vectors, it directly constrains one of the primary mechanisms used to maintain long-term presence within a system.
Persistent Malware; Read-only Root Filesystem; Immutable Operating Systems; File System Security; Docker Containers
The Impact of Oral presentation in Developing Speaking Skills among Third Year Students of English Department at the Faculty of Arts, Elmergib University
This research paper investigates the deep impact of oral presentations on the development of speaking skills among third-year English Department students at the Faculty of Arts, Elmergib University. A comprehensive review of existing literature reveals that oral presentations serve as a highly effective pedagogical tool, fostering a wide array of linguistic and communicative competencies, including fluency, accuracy, vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and overall communicative strategies. Despite these documented benefits, EFL learners, particularly within the Libyan educational context, frequently encounter significant challenges such as anxiety, shyness, and limited exposure to authentic English. This study integrates key second language acquisition theories Communicative Competence Theory, the Output Hypothesis, and Sociocultural Theory to elucidate the mechanisms through which presentations facilitate language acquisition. The discussion highlights the dual nature of presentations in both enhancing skills and exposing underlying anxieties, emphasizing the need for carefully structured pedagogical approaches. Based on these findings, the paper proposes context-specific pedagogical implications and actionable recommendations for EFL instructors, curriculum designers, and assessment practices at Elmergib University, aiming to optimize the effectiveness of oral presentations in fostering robust speaking proficiency.
Oral presentations, speaking skills, EFL, higher education, communicative competence, Output Hypothesis
The Relationship Between Lifestyle and Blood Lipid Levels in Males and Females in Western Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to measure the serum lipid profiles of males and females and to examine the correlation between lipid levels, dietary habits, and lifestyle factors. A total of 151 subjects (80 males and 71 females) from the western region of Libya (Janzwer, Zawia, Sabrata, and Gadames), all aged above 35 years, participated in the study. Fasting blood samples were collected, and plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined using spectrophotometric methods at the Biotechnology Research Centre in Tawasha. Participants were divided into two age groups (35–45 years and 45–79 years) for both genders, and lipid profiles were analyzed using the T-test statistical method. Results indicated that older individuals exhibited significantly higher total lipid levels compared to younger participants. For males aged 35–45 years, the average cholesterol, TAG, LDL, and HDL levels were 172.2, 128, 91.7, and 74.4 mg/dL respectively, whereas for males aged 45–79 years, these values increased to 183.2, 135, 82.4, and 68.1 mg/dL. Similarly, females aged 35–45 years had average cholesterol, TAG, LDL, and HDL levels of 179.6, 143, 79.3, and 70.7 mg/dL, respectively, while females aged 45–79 years showed higher levels of 186.6, 141.3, 92.1, and 72.6 mg/dL. The study also revealed that smokers had higher lipid levels compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, individuals adhering to healthy dietary habits tended to have better lipid profiles, although some variations were observed. In conclusion, age, smoking, and diet significantly influence lipid levels, with elevated lipid profiles being more prevalent in older and smoking individuals. Adopting healthy lifestyle practices, including balanced nutrition and smoking cessation, is essential for reducing the risk of heart diseases and atherosclerosis.
Hyperlipidemia, Blood lipids, Cholesterol, Dietary habits, Lifestyle, Smoking, Cardiovascular diseases, Western Libya
فعالية البازارات في ابراز الإبداع لدى المرأة (دراسة تطبيقية في مدينة طرابلس)
Women have become active participants in the labor market, and work outside the home is no longer the exclusive domain of men. Women's contributions to productive work have provided economic support to a large number of families. Employed women have clearly contributed to alleviating poverty and hardship for many families, which is crucial for preserving dignity and personal self-respect, and preventing the humiliation and degradation associated with begging. Furthermore, women's work has added another layer of economic strength to many families, enabling them to achieve a better life. (Al-Rashidi, 2006( Women have tried to provide for their families even as housewives, and the bazaars that have recently spread in Libya are perhaps the best evidence of this, as they have revealed the creativity of Libyan women. This is why this study was conducted in Tripoli, which aimed to identify this phenomenon, reveal its most important products, and focus on the role of these bazaars in highlighting women’s creativity. Through the use of descriptive research and the survey method and with the use of a questionnaire tool, the researcher reached the following results: 1- The word bazaars is of Persian origin, and it refers to the traditional public square that accommodates a large number of commercial and life activities, and it is usually used to refer to covered markets that are known as places for the exchange of goods and merchandise of various kinds 2- It became clear that most of the products found in the bazaars scattered throughout Libya were various handicrafts, including food products, jewelry, and beauty products, showcasing women's creativity, artistry, and beauty. 3- It also became clear that bazaars have a significant social and economic role.
Women’s Participation in the Labor Market and Its Impact on Child Rearing and Their Academic Achievement: A Field Study in the City of Zuwara
The aim of this study is to identify the impact of women's participation in the labor market on the quality of child upbringing and academic achievement in the city of Zuwara. It also examines the extent to which children are able to balance their mothers’ professional commitments with the demands of home upbringing. The study investigates the effect of long working hours or inflexible work conditions on educational follow-up, in addition to identifying family and societal factors that help mitigate negative impacts. Furthermore, it explores differences in academic achievement based on variables such as the mother’s education level, type of employment, working hours, and income level. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach for data collection and analysis. The research population consists of working and non-working mothers in Zuwara, with a simple random sample of 120 participants. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool, consisting of four dimensions: the mother’s economic role, educational and behavioral impact, academic achievement, and mediating factors. A three-point Likert scale was applied. The findings indicate that maternal employment contributes positively to improving the family’s standard of living and enhances children’s behavioral values such as responsibility and independence. The negative impact of long working hours on educational follow-up remains limited when adequate family and community support is available. However, academic achievement is influenced by several variables, including the mother’s education level, type of work, and working conditions. The study recommends the adoption of educational and developmental support programs for children of working mothers, as well as regulating working hours to reduce pressure on parental follow-up. It also suggests developing social and family policies that balance work and parenting responsibilities, along with providing training programs for mothers to enhance parenting skills and children’s academic performance. Continuous monitoring is recommended to evaluate the impact of these policies on the quality of upbringing and academic achievement
Participation, Women, Labor Market, Child Rearing, Academic Achievement
Social Self-Efficacy and its Relationship to Levels of Aspiration and Personal Responsibility in Adolescence: A Descriptive and Analytical Study
This study investigates the interrelationships among social self-efficacy, ambition level, and personal responsibility in adolescence, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach grounded in a critical reading of contemporary psychological literature. Drawing on Bandura's social cognitive theory, Lent et al.'s Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), and recent empirical studies, the analysis reveals that social self-efficacy functions as a structural mediator—fuelling future-oriented aspirations while reinforcing responsible, self-regulated behaviour. The findings underscore an organic integration of the three constructs, with significant implications for counselling programme design and educational intervention.
social self-efficacy, ambition, personal responsibility, adolescence, social cognitive theory.
إدارة الصيانة وانعكاساتها على إدارة الانتاج في الشركات الصناعية دراسة تطبيقية على الشركات النفطية العاملة في ليبيا"
The problem of this study is the insufficient attention given by top management of industrial projects to maintenance management resulting in low performance level of proactive (protective) and reactive maintenance works. This study acquires its importance from the importance of project it addresses; that is; management of protective and reactive maintenance operations in the companies under study and from its significant role to increase awareness of those who are responsible for maintenance works including engineers and employees of these companies. It is also important as to adopting the requirements of maintenance operations management by applying planning and scheduling to maintenance works and measuring performance level of protective and reactive maintenance works as well as to what extent the companies under study will benefit of the results of this study. The study highlights also the differences of maintenance costs among the companies under study; not to mention to the scientific enriching it will contribute to knowledge and using scientific techniques to apply planning and scheduling and use computer in protective and reactive maintenance works. This study aims to evaluate the status of maintenance management and its concepts in oil companies operating in Libya by investigating this concept and measuring performance standard of maintenance management in the companies under study. The study seeks future results as to securing sufficient operation, carrying out proactive and reactive maintenance operations at least cost and constructing a computer software to use in maintenance works based on the inforınation base "C.M.M.S." The study is based on the following hypotheses: First: Lack of interest by the top management of the companies under study in maintenance management adversely affects productive activity. Such a deficiency is reflected in: A. Allocating more time to maintenance works B. Increasing of maintenance costs and hence production cost. C. Shortening of life expectancy of equipment and machines. Second: Lack of efficient and skilled personnel required to undertake maintenance works. Third: Lack of a uniform comprehensive system for planning and organizing proactive and reactive maintenance works adversely affects the productive activity of the companies under study. The theoretical part of this study addresses the problem of study, objectives to be met, the status of maintenance management function in the companies under study and its components and techniques and forms of maintenance in oil companies under study. The practical part of the Study includes information collected from a field survey on maintenance operations conducted in the companies under study on a questionnaire developed for this purpose. The said questioner was built on the following axes: First: manpower Second: relation with maintenance management function Third: training in maintenance works Fourth: data related to study Fifth: elements and components related to proactive and reactive maintenance in the companies under study Sixth: maintenance management system in the companies under study. Through data analysis, performance efficiency of maintenance operations in the companies under study was measured, conclusions reached were discussed indicating deficiencies in maintenance works and recommendations, results and proposals for further future studies were presented.
Kinetic Analysis of Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater Using an Anionic Surfactant
The release of untreated industrial wastewater, particularly when it contains heavy metals, significantly harms the aquatic environment. Among these metals, lead is recognized as one of the toxic heavy metals commonly found in industrial effluents. Elevated levels of lead in water can lead to various physiological and health issues in humans and other organisms. Research was conducted on the flotation kinetics of lead using sodium dodecyl sulfate, anionic collector. Study the prediction of lead separation kinetics from wastewater using ion flotation is critically important for several interconnected reasons; predictable, scalable, and economical engineering solution. The study explored chemical kinetics by examining key parameters such as wastewater pH and collector concentration. Time–recovery data for lead flotation were analyzed using a first–order equation for flotation kinetics <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>t</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>∞ </m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>1</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>e</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>kt</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> , which allowed for the calculation of the flotation rate constant and the cumulative recovery at infinity (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>∞ </m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> ). The experimental results showed acceptable alignment with the first–order kinetic model. Results showed that the adsorption rate increased with initial SDS concentration from 25 to 100 mg/L, with the highest reaction rate observed at 100 mg/L (k = 0.0707 min–1). Correlation coefficients (R²) confirmed acceptable linear relationships with consistent negative slopes across all data groups. For pH experiments conducted at constant initial SDS concentration (50 mg/L) across pH values of 3, 5, and 8, adsorption increased with rising pH up to an optimum at pH 5 (k = 0.0229 min⁻¹), after which it decreased at pH 8 (k = 0.0208 min–1). The lowest reaction rate was observed at pH 3 (k = 0.0138 min–1). Cumulative recovery values ranged from 56.10% to 89.52%, with the maximum recovery (89.52%) achieved at 50 mg/L SDS concentration and pH 8. These findings demonstrate that both initial lead concentration and pH significantly influence the adsorption mechanism of SDS onto lead surfaces.
Flotation, lead, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Flotation Kinetics, first–Order Kinetics Model
Some indirect iterative methods for solving Poisson's incomplete differential equation
Second-order incomplete partial differential equations were studied using numerical methods. For this type of incomplete partial differential equation, we use the rule of fives. To transform the incomplete Poisson equation into a differential equation, we use the Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, and Lippmann iteration methods.
Poisson equation – Iteration methods (Gauss-Seidel, Lippmann, Jacobi).
The Effect of The new Preconditioned Iterative Techniques on The Speed and Efficiency of Convergence of The Successive Over Relaxation (SOR ) Method
In some scientific fields and numerical analysis, there are problems whose solution requires knowledge of certain numerical methods for linear systems. Direct methods can be used to solve such systems easily. However, when the coefficient matrices are large and complex, traditional direct methods become slow, often lead to complicated solutions, and require a long time to reach the final solution. This work proposes modern Iterative methods for solving Linear systems to achieve a fast and convergent solution. Among these methods, we briefly covered Jacobi and Gauss – Seidel methods, then studied the Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) method. We obtained new Iterative Techniques to reach a fast Solution for The linear System. Through discussion and analysis, we arrived at two types of Preconditioned Iterative techniques, where new Preconditioned Iteration matrices were developed for the Successive Over Relaxation method. When testing the spectral radius of these matrices, they gave fast and convergent Solutions. We compared them to see which was faster. The analytical results showed that both were faster than the traditional Successive Over Relaxation(SOR)method.
Iterative Techniques - Iterative matrix - spectral radius - Successive Over Relaxation(SOR)method - Eigen value - Preconditioned - convergence
Medical Appointment Management and Booking System
<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; margin-left: 6.75pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-left: 5.35pt; mso-table-top: 12.3pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" width="688" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"> This paper addresses the problem of organizing and managing operations within medical clinics through the development of an integrated electronic system aimed at improving performance efficiency and reducing errors resulting from traditional methods. The system is built using a web-based development environment with ASP.NET and C#, along with the use of SQL Server as a database to ensure secure and well-structured data storage and management. The system is based on core functionalities, including patient data management, appointment scheduling, and doctor information management, in addition to implementing an access control system. Testing results demonstrated the effectiveness of the system in achieving its objectives, particularly in terms of accurate appointment organization and efficient data management, representing a step toward digital transformation in clinic management.
Medical Appointment, Booking System, ASP.NET, Database, Digital Transformation fourth
“The Cyrene Museum of Sculptures: A Historical, Descriptive, and Evaluative Study of Display and Preservation Methods from its Founding to the Present Day.”
This study examined the Shahhat Sculpture Museum as one of the most important archaeological museums in Libya, due to its rich collection of sculptures and artifacts reflecting the historical and artistic significance of the ancient city of Cyrene and the Cyrenaica region throughout different historical periods. The study aimed to highlight the historical and scientific value of the museum while focusing on its current condition and the various forms of deterioration and neglect threatening both the building and its archaeological collections. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical approach by assessing the current state of the museum and identifying the major problems affecting it, including structural cracks, environmental damage, insufficient maintenance and conservation practices, as well as the lack of technical and logistical resources necessary for the protection and preservation of the collections. The study also emphasized the importance of the sculptural collections preserved in the museum and their significant role in the study of sculpture in Cyrenaica. The study concluded that the continuation of the museum’s current condition poses a serious threat to its archaeological collections, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive conservation and maintenance plans. It also stressed the importance of establishing a modern regional museum in Shahhat that meets contemporary museological standards for preservation and display. Furthermore, the study emphasized the necessity of supporting archaeological and cultural institutions to ensure the protection and preservation of this important cultural heritage for future generations.
Museum – Sculptures – Shahat– Preservation
Anxiété linguistique et production orale en FLE : étude auprès des étudiants du département de français de l’Université de Sabratha
Cette étude examine l’impact de l’anxiété linguistique sur la production orale des apprenants du français langue étrangère au département de français de la Faculté des Arts et de l’Éducation de l’Université de Sabratha. Elle part du constat que la prise de parole en langue étrangère constitue souvent une situation anxiogène pour les étudiants, notamment dans les contextes non francophones où les occasions de pratiquer le français en dehors de la classe sont limitées. La recherche adopte une approche mixte, combinant un questionnaire administré à vingt-cinq étudiants, des entretiens semi-directifs et une grille d’observation des activités orales. Les résultats montrent que l’anxiété linguistique affecte plusieurs dimensions de la production orale, notamment la participation, la fluidité, la prononciation, la richesse lexicale et la confiance en soi. L’étude met également en évidence le rôle du climat de classe, des modalités de correction et des situations évaluatives dans l’intensification ou la réduction de cette anxiété. Elle propose enfin des recommandations pédagogiques visant à créer un environnement d’apprentissage plus rassurant et plus favorable à la prise de parole en FLE.
anxiété linguistique ; FLE ; didactique du français
Exploring Psychological Barriers to Oral Fluency among Libyan EFL Undergraduates from Students’ Perspective
This study explores the psychological barriers affecting the oral fluency of Libyan EFL undergraduates at the University of Zawia. Recognizing these factors such as anxiety, fear of making mistakes, shyness, and lack of self-confidence significantly influence the development of speaking skills. A mixed-methods research design was employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem by combining quantitative and qualitative data. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 50 students using a two-part questionnaire consisting of five closed-ended questions to measure trends and three open-ended items to capture in-depth perspectives. Quantitative data were analysed by using SPSS, while qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis to integrate measurable trends with detailed participant experiences. The quantitative findings revealed that the vast majority of students (82.9%) experience intense anxiety when speaking English in public, with 80% reporting a deeply rooted fear of social judgment as a major barrier to oral participation. Moreover, 68.6% of respondents strongly agreed that fear of making mistakes significantly hinders their speaking engagement, while the qualitative findings further identified shyness, negative teacher feedback, lack of peer support, and difficulty maintaining eye contact as additional psychological obstacles. The study concludes that psychological and emotional factors play a far more critical role in oral language performance than purely linguistic competencies, as evidenced by the unanimous agreement among participants that a supportive classroom environment positively influences speaking fluency. Finally, the current research provided suitable solutions through some recommendations.
psychological barriers, oral fluency, speaking anxiety, mixed-method research, Libyan EFL undergraduate, University of Zawia
Summons to Appear Before Courts of First Instance
This research examines the summons to appear before courts of first instance as the legal procedure through which judicial proceedings are initiated, ensuring confrontation between litigants and enabling them to exercise their right of defense. The study aims to clarify the concept of the summons to appear and its legal nature, identify the essential conditions and formal requirements necessary for its validity, and analyze the legal time limits governing it under Libyan law. The research also addresses the legal effects resulting from a valid summons to appear and its role in the proper commencement of judicial proceedings and the court’s jurisdiction over the case. In addition, it examines the cases in which the summons may be deemed void and the legal consequences of such nullity on judicial procedures. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach through the examination of relevant legal texts and jurisprudential opinions, with the aim of assessing the adequacy of the legislative framework governing summons to appear in ensuring fair trial guarantees and protecting the rights of litigants.
Summons to Appear, Courts of First Instance, Judicial Proceedings, Service of Process, Right of Defense, Civil Procedure Law, Procedural Nullity, Fair Trial.
(Local Authorities and Their Role in Tourism Investments)
فى عرض موجز وسريع لما ستحتويه هذه الدراسة , فهي بإذن الله ستطرق الى (المشاكل والصعوبات التي تواجهها السلطات المحلية في استغلال مواردها المحلية) متمثلة في مركزية القرار فيما يتعلق بالمشاريع السياحية القائمة او المتعاقد عليها كون هذه المشاريع تم التعاقد عليها من قبل هيئات مركزية مع عدد من الشركات الاستثمارية واستبعاد تام لائ دور مباشرة للسلطات المحلية , ومؤسسات المجتمع المحلي. وتتمثل مشكلة البحث وأهدافه في التعرف على دور السلطات المحلية في الاستثمارات السياحية . واستخدمت المنهج الوصفي وذلك لمناسبته لطبيعة البحث الحالي . ومن خلال مراجعة بعض عقود الاستثمار , وبحكم وظيفتي السابقة بقطاع السياحة صبراتة , فقد عايشت المشاكل والخلل الذى ترتب على عقود الاستثمار السياحي بمدينة صبراتة والتي أبرمت خلال الفترة من سنة 2005م لغاية 2010م من قبل هيئات مركزية متمثلة في (الهيئة العامة للسياحة , وهيئة تشجيع الاستثمار) دون اشراك السلطات المحلية باي دور مباشر اضاقة الى ما يشوب هذه العقود من قصور ومخالفات ومحاولة تقديم مقترحات تفرض مراجعة شاملة لكافة العقود , وتدعم مشاركة اوسع للسلطات المحلية في كافة مراحل ( التخطيط والتنفيذ والتعاقد) , وترسيخ مشاركة المجتمع المحلى في أي مشاريع استثمارية لتحقيق مبدئ الاستدامة والاستغلال الأمثل للموارد بما يخدم مصالح كافة الأطراف . وتوصلت الدراسة الى أن قطاع السياحة قطاع حيوي وفعال في حال ما اتبعت النظم والوسائل العلمية في تسييره. وان الاستثمار السياحي بمختلف مستوياته يحتاج الي قوانين ثابته وواضحة بحيث تكفل للمستثمر الضمانات اللازمة وتبين لكل الأطراف مالها وما عليها من حقوق وواجبات. وتعتبر مدينة صبراتة من المدن البكر والتي تشكل فرص واعدة للاستثمار السياحي بمختلف مستوياته. وان القوانين المعمول بها حاليا لا تتضمن أي مشاركة للمجتمع المحلي سواء في التخطيط او في الاستثمار. وتحتاج الى إعادة تحديث بما يكفل للسلطات المحلية الاستغلال الأمثل لمواردها المحلية , وانه لا وجود لأي دور مباشر للسلطات المحلية في أغلب عقود مشاريع الاستثمارات السياحية الموجود بالمنطقة. وان كل مشاريع التنمية السياحية القائمة والتي تحت الإنجاز تحكمها المركزية تخطيطا وتنفيذا واستثمار. وعدم تعديل القوانين وتفعيل اللوائح التي تضمن للسلطات المحلية الاستفادة المباشرة من مواردها والمقومات السياحية الموجودة بها.
(The Impact of Integrating Information Technology on Supporting Accounting ( )Qualification) A Field Study of Graduates from Accounting Departments at Libyan Universities
This study aimed to identify the impact of information technology on supporting accounting qualifications. It was a field study conducted among graduates of accounting departments at Libyan universities. To achieve the study's objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was used. A questionnaire was designed to address the research questions and achieve the study's goals. The study population consisted of graduates of accounting departments at Libyan universities, and 35 questionnaires were distributed and analyzed. The study reached several conclusions, most notably: a statistically significant positive impact of integrating information technology into the development and modernization of accounting curricula, which directly contributes to bridging the knowledge gap and keeping pace with the rapidly evolving digital environment in the business world. Information technology also contributes to enhancing accounting students' skills in using accounting software and modern technologies. Furthermore, information technology enables the improvement of the quality of educational 41 285 outcomes for accounting students and the development of their analytical and decision-making abilities. The study also confirmed that graduates of digital-based programs have higher employment opportunities and greater competitiveness in the job market. The study recommends developing the technological infrastructure in universities to promote the use of modern technologies in accounting education and continuously updating accounting curricula to keep pace with developments in information technology and its applications in the field of accounting. The study also recommends training faculty members in the use of information technology in teaching and assessment to raise student achievement .
Information technology, accounting qualification.
كان الفارابي رجلاً هادئاً عاكفاً على حياة الفلسفة والتأمل، محمياً بالأقوياء من الأمراء الذين لجأ إليهم، وقد انتهى بنا الأمر أن صار في آخريات أيامه متصوفاً، كان أبوه قائداً فارسياً، وقد مما نسب إليه أهل عصره أنه كان خبيراً بلغات الأرض جميعاً وهي نحو سبعين لغة. إن الفلسفة في رأي الفارابي علم وعمل، وهذا العلم ليس ميسوراً لكل الناس - والفلسفة العملية يسميها أيضاً الفلسفة المدنية تنقسم إلى قسمين: علم الأخلاق وعلم السياسة. ومن خلال ذلك نصل إلى أن الفارابي من أبرز الفلاسفة المسلمين، حيث يجمع بين الأخلاق والفلسفة لتحقيق رؤية متكاملة للحياة والمجتمع والتكامل بين الأخلاق والفلسفة. وكذلك تبرز كيفية تأثير رؤى الفارابي الأخلاقية والفلسفية في تطور الفكر الإسلامي والفلسفي لاحقاً. وقد جمع الفارابي بين آراء بعض الفلاسفة وحكماء عصره محاولاً التوفيق بين الفلسفة اليونانية والفلسفة الإسلامية، وجمع بين رأيي الحكيمين أفلاطون وأرسطو، وكان الفارابي أكبر مثال لهذه النزعة في الفكر الإسلامي.
الصلح بين الخصوم في الإسلام خير تهب به رياح الأنس وسحائب الغيث على القلوب المتجافية المتخاصمة وتهدأ وتسكن به النفوس المتباغضة المتشاحنة وتتلاشى اسباب الفرقة والتباعد والخلاف، وهو نهج شرعي يصان به المجتمع ويحفظ من الشقاق والتفكك ، وينشر الأمن والاستقرار بدل الخوف والنزاعات والاقتتال فيتفرغ الناس للعمل والبناء والعمار بدل الحرب والدمار. والإصلاح بين المتخاصمين من المسلمين مشروعا بالكتاب والسنة واجبا على البعض ممن لديهم المقدرة على ذلك مؤهلين للقيام به مدركين لأحكام الشريعة وهذه دراسة تدور حول احكام المصالحة في الإسلام واهمية ذلك في انهاء الخلافات بين المسلمين وتحقيق الوئام والاستقرار وتبين الدراسة أيضا مشروعية المصالحة وشروطها وصفات القائمين بها ثم توصلت إلى نتائج وتوصيات تؤكد على ضرورة الأخذ بها لضمان تحقيق الأمن والاستقرار.
Artificial Intelligence as a Tool to Enhance Forensic Accounting Practices to Reduce Financial Corruption: An Exploratory Study at the Libyan Audit Bureau
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence technologies in strengthening forensic accounting practices to reduce financial corruption, from the perspective of auditors at the headquarters of the Libyan Audit Bureau. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire designed in line with the study’s topic and objectives. A total of 130 questionnaires were distributed to the study population, of which 112 valid responses were obtained for analysis. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data and test the study hypotheses. The study reached several findings, the most significant of which is the anticipated contribution of applying artificial intelligence technologies to enhancing forensic accounting practices aimed at reducing financial corruption. The findings also revealed a number of challenges facing the application of artificial intelligence technologies in forensic accounting within the local environment. Accordingly, the study recommended developing the technical infrastructure needed to support forensic accounting, formulating and improving the legal and legislative frameworks governing the use of artificial intelligence technologies in forensic accounting, establishing an organizational and ethical framework for the use of such technologies, and preparing a national training program to build the capacities of auditors at the Libyan Audit Bureau.
Forensic accounting; artificial intelligence; financial corruption; artificial intelligence technologies
Electronic Archiving and Data Protection from Crises: An Applied Study at the Faculty of Arts and Education, Sabratha University
تهتم الدراسة بتطبيق نظام الأرشفة الإلكترونية وحماية البيانات بكلية الآداب والتربية جامعة صبراتة، ستهدف هذه الدراسة إلى معالجة التحديات التي يفرضها الكم الهائل من الإنتاج الفكري بشكل متزايد بالكلية، كذلك عدم كفاءة الكوادر الوطنية ، وقلة الأجهزة والآلات الحديثة والوسائط التكنولوجية المتطورة ذات السعة التخزينية العالية داخل الإدارة لعملية الحفظ والتخزين للأرشفة الرقمية، واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي ، فهي تستهدف جميع الموظفين بالكلية وعددهم 20 موظف يمثلون مجتمع الدراسة، وتكمن أهمية الدراسة في الأرشفة الإلكترونية وحماية البيانات من الأزمات والمخاطر التي تتعرض لها أثناء السرقة والتزوير، وتركز على الخطة والإطار العام للدراسة والمصطلحات ، والدراسات السابقة ومراحل تطور الأرشفة الإلكترونية وحفظ وتخزين البيانات وأساليب وطرق حماية الوثائق الأرشيفية ، وتكشف نتائج الدراسة من أن كلية الآداب والتربية جامعة صبراتة لديها إمكانيات بسيطة للبنية التحتية للأرشفة الإلكترونية، إلا أن هناك فجوات في الإجراءات الإدارية والمنهجية، وقصور في الدورات التدريبية للموظفين، والتحديات التكنولوجية، وأهم التوصيات، يجب العمل على تدريب الموارد البشرية المؤهلة بإجراء ورش العمل التدريبية بالخصوص لاستثمارها بشكل فعّال لمواجهة أزمات الارشفة الإلكترونية، كذلك وضع نظام لحماية البيانات متمثل في إصدار القوانين واللوائح للحفاظ على إدارة أرشفة الوثائق من السرقة والتزوير التي يمكن أن تتعرض لها من قبل الأفراد داخل أو خارج الكلية، وتحديث النظام الإلكتروني للأجهزة والآلات التكنولوجية، وتحسين العمليات الفنية، خلصت الدراسة إلى إعتماد نظام أرشفة إلكتروني فعّال يعمل على حفظ بيانات الوثائق الرقمية من الأزمات ، لتحقيق الكفاءة التشغيلية ويقلل التكاليف، وتطبق اللوائح والقوانين الأرشيفية، الذى تؤدي إلى التحسين الإداري والخدمي داخل كلية الآداب والتربية بجامعة صبراتة .
الأرشفة الإلكترونية - حماية البيانات – الأزمات
The Impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) Adoption on Customer Satisfaction in Libyan Banks
Financial Technology (FinTech) has transformed the banking industry by enhancing service efficiency, accessibility, and customer experience through digital innovations such as mobile banking, electronic payments, and online financial services. However, limited empirical research has examined whether FinTech adoption improves customer satisfaction in fragile and under-researched economies such as Libya. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of FinTech adoption on customer satisfaction in Libyan banks. FinTech adoption was conceptualized through three dimensions: ease of use, security, and convenience. A quantitative research approach was employed using a structured questionnaire distributed to customers of selected Libyan banks. A total of 384 valid responses were collected and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS software. The results indicate that FinTech adoption has a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction. Convenience was identified as the strongest predictor, followed by ease of use, both of which significantly enhanced customer satisfaction. In contrast, security did not show a significant direct effect. The model demonstrated high explanatory power, indicating that the selected factors account for a substantial proportion of customer satisfaction. This study contributes to the literature by extending FinTech research to the Libyan context and highlighting the importance of functional service benefits in emerging markets. Practically, the findings suggest that banks should prioritize convenient and user-friendly digital services while continuing to strengthen digital transformation strategies.
FinTech Adoption; Customer Satisfaction; Digital Banking; Convenience; Libya
Disclaimer Claim in Libyan Civil Procedure Law
This research examines the action of disclaimer (denial of attribution of responsibility) as a legal defensive mechanism aimed at negating liability for a person to whom a legal act or factual situation is attributed, although it was not actually committed by them, or was performed beyond the limits of legal representation or authorization. Its importance is particularly evident in legal agency relationships, such as the relationship between principal and agent. The study aims to clarify the legal concept of the disclaimer action and its legal nature, as well as to distinguish it from similar defenses and actions such as the defense of non-liability, nullity actions, and denial claims. It also identifies its conditions, primarily the absence of a legal link or the exceeding of the agent’s authority. Furthermore, the research analyzes its legal basis, which is grounded in civil liability principles, the principle of relativity of obligations, and the rules governing agency and representation. Accordingly, the effects of a legal act do not extend to the principal when the agent exceeds the limits of their authority. The study concludes that the disclaimer action serves as an important safeguard for the principle of personal liability and achieves a balance between the stability of legal transactions and the protection of the principal. It also recommends further legislative and doctrinal refinement to precisely define its scope.
Disavowal lawsuit, procedural liability, judicial representation, acts of the agent, legal agency, procedural nullity, litigation, civil procedure law, right of defense, effects of power of attorney
This research aims to analyze the philosophical structure of anarchist thought in Proudhon's work. Anarchist thought is considered one of the most important currents of modern political thought, and its emergence was linked to the major transformations of the 19th century with the rise of the modern centralized state and industrial capitalism. From this perspective, Proudhon emerged as the first to give anarchism a philosophical dimension, linking it to a critique of authority. Proudhon rejected the continued existence of the state and worked to dismantle its foundations by all means, considering it an authoritarian system or institution whose sole purpose was to control individuals, plunder resources, and spread inequality and injustice among the people. Therefore, Proudhon formulated his ideas and political philosophy to establish a new social contract that would regulate political, social, and economic life and achieve the goals and aspirations that individuals strive for.
The Role of Universities in Reducing the Phenomenon of Divorce within the Framework of Community Service
The research aimed to identify the role of universities within the framework of community service in reducing the phenomenon of divorce. The descriptive approach was used to analyze the literature on the role of universities in community service and its relationship to reducing the phenomenon of divorce, to arrive at conclusions and draw conclusions. The results revealed that universities can significantly contribute to reducing divorce and enhancing family stability through five main axes: Establishing a center for family research and studies to conduct in-depth studies, develop a database, and publish the results; Providing marriage rehabilitation and preparation programs through curricula, workshops, and guidance for newlyweds; Providing specialized family counseling services through clinics, hotlines, and programs to prevent domestic violence; Implementing community interventions and effective partnerships through awareness programs and cooperation with religious institutions and the media; Proposing supportive family policies and providing assessments of the impact of government policies on families. The success of these initiatives requires institutional support, the allocation of sufficient resources, reliance on specialists, and periodic evaluation to ensure sustainability.
The role of universities - serving the community - reducing the phenomenon of divorce
Challenges Faced by English Language Teachers in Teaching Young Learners
Teaching English to young learners has become an important area in modern education because English is considered a global language used in communication, education, science, and technology. However, teaching young learners is not an easy task because children have unique psychological, emotional, cognitive, and social characteristics that require special teaching methods and strategies. Many English language teachers face several challenges while teaching young learners, especially in developing countries where educational resources and teacher training opportunities may be limited. This research paper aims to explore the major difficulties faced by English language teachers in teaching young learners. The study discusses classroom management problems, lack of teaching resources, differences in learners’ abilities, low motivation, limited teacher training, curriculum-related issues, and parental involvement. The paper also highlights the importance of using effective teaching strategies and modern educational approaches to improve English language learning among young learners. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach through reviewing educational literature related to teaching English to children. The findings indicate that successful English language teaching for young learners depends on teacher preparation, suitable teaching materials, supportive learning environments, and the use of interactive methods that encourage participation and communication.
young learners, English language teaching, classroom management, teaching difficulties, language learning, educational challenges
African Preventive Diplomacy and its Role in Resolving Border Disputes between African States: An Analytical Study with Application to the Moroccan-Algerian Conflict
This study examines the role of African preventive diplomacy in settling border disputes among African states, with an analytical application to the Moroccan-Algerian border conflict، The study focuses on the concept of preventive diplomacy, its continental and regional mechanisms, and the role of mediation and negotiations in containing border disputes. It concludes that preventive diplomacy is an important tool for preventing escalation, yet its effectiveness depends on political will, timely intervention, and the strength of follow-up and implementation mechanisms.
Preventive diplomacy, border disputes, African Union, mediation, Moroccan-Algerian conflict
Kantian Universality and The Problem of Grounding Moral Modernity
The various Kantian approaches demonstrate that the concepts of universality and modernity in Immanuel Kant’s philosophy are grounded in three main pillars: freedom, religion, and the principles of moral action. On this basis, Kant can be regarded as one of the most prominent philosophers who articulated the idea of rational universality and defended it in a rigorous systematic manner, to the extent that he became one of the key thinkers who established the notion of universal reason in modern philosophy. In his conception of modernity, particularly as expressed in his essay on Enlightenment, Kant does not confine reason to a specific culture or nation; rather, he elevates it to the level of a universal human project encompassing all humanity, understood as belonging to the earth rather than to narrow geographical or cultural identities. Thus, modernity in his thought transcends historical particularities to establish an open universal horizon. Kant’s position toward history, traditions, and forms of belonging tends toward minimizing their foundational role, as he does not grant them normative value in constructing reason or morality. Instead, he regards them as contingent givens that cannot serve as a basis for universality. Accordingly, Kant places his trust in the human being as a free rational agent and in the capacity for self-legislation, affirming the priority of universality over narrow identities, civility over nationalism, and reason as the highest reference for values rather than theological or metaphysical authorities. In this sense, Kantian thought shifts from the centrality of history and the philosophy of history toward a more comprehensive horizon based on universal human geography, and from traditional ontological foundations toward a critical and analytical method as a tool for understanding the conditions of knowledge and morality.
Kant, universality, modernity, moral law