The Journal of Comprehensive Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
الإدارة العامة للمطبوعات والمصنفات الفنيةبوزارة الثقافة والمجتمع المدني
الاتحاد من اجل المتوسط النشـــأة والأهـــــداف والتحديـــات
يعد الاتحاد من اجل المتوسط إحدى المحاولات للتعاون بين شمال وجنوب المتوسط الذي انطلق منذ إعلان برشلونة 1995م حيث ضم في عضويته دول الاتحاد الأوروبي ومجموعة من دول جنوب وشرق المتوسط في محاولة لإقامة فضاء مشترك أساسه التعاون الاقتصادي والسياسي والاجتماعي والثقافي ومعالجة مشاكل الأمن والهجرة والتغير المناخي وغيرها. الاتحاد من اجل المتوسط نشأة في بيئة مختلفة تتسم بالتعاون في مستويات التنمية بين أطرافه ووجود الأزمات السياسية والأمنية إضافة إلى تباين المصالح ، كل ذلك اثأر تساؤل حول الغاية منه وقدرته على تحقيق أهدافه . لذا يسعى البحث إلى الوصول إلى معرفة التجربة من خلال التركيز على نشأة فكرته وتأسيسه وهياكله وأهدافه سوى كانت معلنة او غير معلنة . ومن هذا المنطلق ، فأن هذه الدراسة تتناول موضوع نشأة وأهداف وتحديات الاتحاد من اجل المتوسط . - الإشكالية التي تبحثها الدراسة : إلى أي مدى تعكس نشأة الاتحاد من اجل المتوسط وهياكله وأهدافه في تحقيق شراكة بين دول ضفتي المتوسط ، وما هي الأهداف التي تحكم توجهاته والصعوبات السياسية التي تقف أمام فاعليته ؟
Copyright (c) 2026 Comprehensive Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The capacity of each lexical item to relate to the words or structures that precede and follow it constitutes the basis for the sequencing of discourse, which forms the central premise of this study. The full realization of the semantic meaning of any sentence or syntactic construction can only be achieved through attention to the phenomenon of collocation among its components. Meaning is thus shaped by the presence or absence of such syntactic interdependence, and any change in word order is accompanied by a corresponding change in meaning. This paper sheds light on the phenomenon of collocation within the components of syntactic constructions in their various types and forms, examining the arrangement of letters and words within the sentence and the impact of this arrangement on the interpretation of the construction. It further argues that syntactic collocation is fundamentally characterized by connection and cohesion, although this principle may be overridden in accordance with contextual guidance and its requirements
التصميم الصناعي وثقافة إعادة التدوير للمنتجات الصناعية
This paper addresses the growing challenge of industrial waste and resource depletion, emphasizing that industrial design is an early intervention tool capable of shaping the product’s entire life cycle. Through a descriptive-analytical approach and a focused literature review, the paper clarifies the distinctions among reuse, recycling, reduction, and upcycling, and proposes practical design principles that support circularity, disassembly, and environmental technologies in industrial establishments. The study provides an actionable framework to help designers integrate recycling-oriented criteria across product development phases to strengthen sustainable production and responsible consumption.
التصميم الصناعي؛ التصميم من أجل التدوير؛ ثقافة إعادة التدوير؛ الاقتصاد الدائري؛ إعادة الاستخدام؛ إعادة التدوير للأعلى (Upcycling)؛ دورة حياة المنتج؛ الاستدامة
مقيد ات الاسم وأثرها في توجيه دلالة المعنى قراءة في نماذج مختارة من صحيح مسلم
Nominal modifiers in the Arabic language are considered decisive tools for understanding the relationship between the noun and the predicate, as well as for controlling its meaning at both the syntactic and semantic levels. In the Prophetic Hadith, these modifiers appear clearly in a variety of structures, including prepositions, the definite article (al-), copular and defective verbs, pronouns, and other restrictive elements, where syntactic functions intersect with semantic, stylistic, and pragmatic functions to produce texts that are brief in form yet rich in meaning. This study highlights selected texts from Sahih Muslim with the aim of analyzing some of these modifiers and establishing a link between the literature of traditional Arabic grammar and contemporary pragmatic linguistics.
أسلوب تعامل أعضاء المنظمات الأمنية وعلاقته بتقديم الخدمة إلى الجمهور
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على الدورة المستندية للجهاز الإداري في الدولة الليبية، وإلى تعرف الموارد البشرية على اختصاص منظماتهم الأمنية وفهم تلك الدورة المستندية الإدارية، بالإضافة إلى تعرف أعضاء المنظمات الأمنية على الهدف الضمني الذي وجدت من أجلة منظماتهم كلٌ حسب اختصاصها في المجتمع، وإلى ضمان إلمام أعضاء المنظمات الأمنية بالجوانب القانونية؛ تجنبًا للأخطاء الضبطية، والتعرف على المهارات والأساليب الذاتية التي يجب أن تتوفر في أعضاء المنظمات الأمنية، بالإضافة إلى التعرف على مدى توفر أساليب ووسائل لتنمية المهارات الإنسانية والذاتية لدى أعضاء المنظمات الأمنية أثناء تقديمهم الخدمة إلى الجمهور، وإلى أهمية كسب رضا الجمهور بتعاونهم مع المنظمات الأمنية للمحافظة على النظام العام في حالة توازن، وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي وملاءمته لهذه الدراسة، حيث يقف عند الفهم والتحليل والفلسفة نظرياً وربطه بالواقع العملي من خلال ملاحظة الظاهرة للوصول إلى نتائج علمية تفيد المنظمات الأمنية في رفع مستوى أداء الخدمة الأمنية المقدمة إلى الجمهور. ومن أهم نتائج هذه الدراسة ما يلي: جهل أعضاء المنظمات الأمنية للدورة المستندية الإدارية والأمنية على مستوى الدولة الليبية في إطار منظماتهم، وتدني مستوى فعالية الأداء الوظيفي لدى الموارد البشرية دون المنظمات الأمنية، وعدم وعي هؤلاء الأعضاء بأهمية تحسين علاقتهم بالجمهور عند تقديمهم الخدمة الأمنية إليهم؛ وذلك من أجل كسب تعاون الجمهور معهم والمحافظة على النظام العام، ناهيك عن تدني إلمامهم بالجوانب القانونية المنظمة لعلاقتهم بجهة الإدارة من ناحية، والمنظمة لعلاقتهم بالجمهور من ناحية أخرى. ومن أهم توصيات هذه الدراسة ما يلي: ضرورة وضع دليل استرشادي يتضمن توضيح الدورة المستندية الإدارية للجهاز الإداري بالدولة الليبية؛ لضمان إلمام إدارة الموارد البشرية بماهية المنظمات الأمنية، ومهامها واختصاصاتها والقوانين واللوائح التي تنظم علاقتهم بجهة الإدارة وبالجمهور، كما ارتأت الدراسة أهمية تنمية مهارات القيادات الإدارية في المنظمات الأمنية؛ استجابةً للتطورات السريعة في العالم، ولفت انتباه أولائك القادة الأمنيين لأهمية الاهتمام بأهداف المنظمة والتعامل مع الآخرين بشيء من التوازن.
الأسلوب، الجمهور، المهارات، المنظمات الأمنية
تحليل استدامة الدين العام في ضوء النمو الاقتصادي في ليبيا دراسة قياسية باستخدام نموذج تصحيح الخطأ المتجه(VECM) (2000-2023)
This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the sustainability of public debt in Libya and its relationship to economic growth during the period 2000–2023. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach with an econometric component, utilizing the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to examine the dynamic relationship between the public debt-to-GDP ratio (dependent variable) and each of the following: economic growth rate, government spending, oil prices, and exchange rate (independent variables). The results of the modified Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) showed that all the study variables were first-order complementary (1). Furthermore, the Johansen test confirmed the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship (co-integration) among the studied variables, with a Trace value of 79.68980, which is greater than the critical value at a significance level of 5%. The standard results for estimating the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) demonstrated good explanatory power, with coefficients of determination (R²) ranging from 0.64 to 0.79, and an overall significance level of 9.159250 according to the F-test. The study confirmed a structural and significant impact of oil price volatility and economic growth on the long-term sustainability of public debt. It recommended diversifying national income sources to reduce dependence on oil price fluctuations and adopting prudent fiscal policies aimed at controlling current spending and activating the role of development spending to ensure the state's ability to meet its financial obligations without compromising the rights of future generations.
Public debt sustainability, economic growth, Libyan economy, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM).
استجابة التضخم للصدمات النقدية والمالية في ليبيا خلال الفترة 1990-2023
This study aims to analyze the impact of money supply and government expenditure shocks on inflation rates in Libya over the period 1990-2023. The analysis employs impulse response functions and forecast error variance decomposition, in addition to Granger causality tests. The results indicate that both money supply and government expenditure have positive effect on inflation; however, the impact of money supply is stronger and more persistent, particularly over the medium and long run. The variance decomposition analysis further shows that money supply explains the largest proportion of inflation fluctuations, whereas the effect of government expenditure remains relatively limited. In the short run, inflation is largely driven by its own shocks. Moreover, the Granger causality tests confirm the existence of a causal relationship running from money supply to inflation. The study recommends strengthening the role of monetary policy and improving its coordination with fiscal policy.
Local Perspectives on Teaching Morphology in Libyan Higher Education: The Case of English Language Instructors at College of Education – Ajaylat, University of Al Zawiya
This qualitative study explores the lived perspectives of English language instructors on teaching English morphology within the context of Libyan higher education. Conducted at the College of Education – Ajaylat, University of Al‑Zawiya with a purposive sample of 15 faculty members, the research investigates instructional strategies, perceived challenges, and contextual factors that shape morphological instruction. Data were gathered through semi‑structured interviews and analyzed thematically to highlight local pedagogical realities. Findings reveal a strong recognition among instructors of the importance of morphology for vocabulary and language competency, yet manifest contextual constraints including limited instructional time, heavy curricula, and alignment with student linguistic backgrounds. Results are presented through descriptive tables and narrative themes. Based on these findings, the study proposes context‑specific implications for curriculum design and teacher development that address morphology instruction more effectively in Libyan universities.
Morphology instruction, Morphological awareness, EFL teaching, Libyan higher education, qualitative study
The strategies of improvement the Performance for the Jacobi method using Gaussian iterative methods
This work presents advanced methodologies for the improvement of the Jacobi method by incorporating Gauss-Seidel iterative schemes [1][2]. The Jacobi method, though simple to use [3][4], usually suffers from slow convergence, especially for large-scale linear systems [5]. In this regard, a hybrid scheme is presented that utilizes the strengths of both the Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods [6][7]. The important techniques that form the basis of this study include successive over-relaxation (SOR) to accelerate the convergence [2][8], adaptive step-sizing based on residual monitoring [9][10], and preconditioning techniques that enhance the numerical properties of the linear systems [11][12]. Furthermore, the effect of reordering equations for improved convergence rates is also considered [11]. Numerical experiments performed in the context of this study show that these enhancements significantly reduce the number of iterations required for acceptable solutions, thus enhancing computational efficiency [2][13]. In this context, the proposed hybrid scheme outperforms the traditional Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods for several scenarios and provides a robust solution for practitioners working in applied mathematics and engineering disciplines [2].
Jacobi Method, Gauss-Seidel Method, Iterative Methods, Linear Systems, Convergence Analysis, Successive Over, Relaxation (SOR), Preconditioning.
The advantages and disadvantages of using higher education students' Artificial intelligence.
As artificial intelligence becomes more common in our daily lives, its effect on education calls for both enthusiasm and caution. Many people believe that AI offers great opportunities for personalized learning, making administrative tasks easier and bringing new ways to teach. However, there are still worries about privacy, fairness and the possibility of replacing traditional teaching jobs. A study by the Digital Education Council found that 86% of students admit to using AI in their studies. This paper explores the positive and negative educational effects of higher education students using AI tools in learning. As AI becomes increasingly integrated into educational settings, stakeholders must understand both the potential benefits and the challenges it poses. Drawing on recent literature, surveys, and case studies, this research identifies key advantages such as personalized learning and administrative efficiency and significant disadvantages, including academic integrity concerns and the stop of human thinking and creativity. Recommendations for policy and practice are offered.
Artificial Intelligence, higher education, advantages, disadvantages
K.Geetha & M.Vigneshwaran (2016) [ 5] introduced and studied the concept of contra p*gα continuous function and strongly p*gα closed function. In this paper ,we used these functions to study the concept of cleavability over these special topological spaces (P ultra Hausdorff , P-normal , Strongly compact , P-Ts , strongly p*gα-closed) spaces.as following : 1- If <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr> </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> is a class of topological spaces with certain properties and if <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>X</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> is cleavable over <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr> ,</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> then <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>X</m:r><m:r> ∉</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>.</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> 2- If <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr> </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> is a class of topological spaces with certain properties and if Y is cleavable over <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr> </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> then Y <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>∉</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . 3- If <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr> </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> is a class of topological spaces with certain properties and if Y is cleavable over <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr> </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> then <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>X</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>∈</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>P</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> .
contra p*g -cleavability, p*g - cleavability, contra-p*g - point wise cleavability , contra-p*g - absolutely cleavable, p*gα -irresolute cleavability.
Zanzibar is an archipelago globally recognized for its rich culture, which has emerged from the confluence of diverse communities. These communities, including Indians, Arabs, and mainland Africans, arrived in the Zanzibar islands and blended with the indigenous inhabitants. From this interaction arose generations who cultivated Zanzibari culture through various art forms, such as carving, weaving, painting, and pottery. The pottery art of Zanzibar is a tradition that has endured and is highly cherished by many of the island's communities. Indeed, any discussion of this art form in Zanzibar necessarily centers on the village of Fumba in the West Region of Unguja Island. Fumba is celebrated from antiquity as the birthplace of pottery, historically known as the home of the famed late potter and singer, Siti binti Saadi. Her initial recognition came from selling pots in town while singing, her captivating voice drawing crowds who urged her to become a performer (Robert, 1976). The art of pottery involves the creation of various household utensils using clay as the primary raw material. These items include cooking pots (*vyungu*), large pots (*vikaango*), water jars (*mikungu*), incense burners (*vyetezo*), small bowls (*vibia*), water storage vessels (*magudulia*), pitchers (*mitungi*), coconut graters (*mikungu ya kukunia nazi*), and various decorative objects produced on different scales. While a superficial examination might suggest that pottery is being rendered obsolete by scientific and technological progress, a closer look reveals that, in other respects, the art form continues to develop in various ways. Pottery is being innovated and crafted in new styles, providing aesthetic pleasure to observers. Modern and veteran potters alike continue to demonstrate their evolving skills, crafting this art with a mastery that astonishes viewers through the unique character of their vessels.
People, Zanzibar, Art, Communities, Diversity
Silence, Pausing, and the Organization of Turn-Taking in Libyan University Classrooms: A Descriptive Study of Oral Academic Interaction
This descriptive study examines patterns of silence, pausing and turn allocation in spoken academic interaction within Libyan university classrooms. While spoken interaction has received growing attention in applied linguistics, empirical descriptions of interactional practices in North African higher education remain limited. Drawing on naturally occurring classroom discourse, the study focuses on how silence and pauses function within lecturer–student exchanges and how speaking turns are initiated, sustained and negotiated during academic interaction. Rather than treating silence as a communicative breakdown, the analysis approaches it as a meaningful interactional resource shaped by institutional roles, pedagogical norms and sociocultural expectations. The findings provide a context-sensitive account of spoken academic interaction in Libyan universities and contribute descriptive evidence to broader discussions on classroom discourse, participation and interactional organization in EFL higher education settings .
spoken academic interaction; silence; pausing; turn allocation; Libyan higher education .
The Impact of Using Various Amounts of Thyme, Rosemary, Garlic, and Their Combination on the Immune System, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin A, and Hematological and Biochemical Blood Characteristics of Local Chickens.
This work was carried out at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, University of Zawia, during the period from April to June 2024, for 6 weeks. The study examined the effect of a mixture of aromatic medicinal plants (thyme, rosemary, and garlic) at different levels on the hematology and the immune system of local chicks of domestic chickens. The group fed 100 mg of thyme showed the highest significant increase in the bursa, followed by the group fed 100 mg of garlic, with increases of 1.11, 1.30, and 1.23, respectively. There was no significant effect on the thymus gland through the experimental treatments, as the highest percentage was recorded in the control group, 1.20 IgA levels showed the highest value in the treatment fed 100 mg of thyme (84.3), followed by the treatment fed 100 mg of rosemary, and then the treatment fed 100 mg of garlic. The logical values obtained in this study indicated that the mean IgM was significantly higher in the T2 and T3 control groups compared to the control group in chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 1% garlic (p≤0.05). There was a significant increase in hemoglobin levels, with the 100 mg garlic treatment outperforming the other experimental treatments, registering 14.7. The group fed 100 mg of thyme showed the highest significant difference in red blood cell volume, followed by the group fed 100 mg of garlic (45.6% and 43.2%, respectively).
Thyme, Rosemary, Garlic, hematological and biochemical blood characteristics, IgG, IgM, IgA
Cortisol Dysregulation Linking Metabolic and Psychological Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tripoli, Libya
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone that regulates metabolism and psychological balance through activation of the stress response. This study aimed to explore the association between elevated cortisol levels and selected biochemical disorders including insulin resistance, Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, as well as psychological disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. A total of 50 patients (aged 7–30 years, both sexes) were recruited from Al-Razi Psychiatric Hospital in Tripoli, Libya, between May 15 and July 30, 2025. Data were collected using a structured clinical questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods in Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the highest prevalence was in the 21–30 age group (46%). Females were more affected by metabolic disorders (66%) compared to males (34%), while psychological disorders were also higher in females (58% vs. 42%). A clear association was observed between elevated cortisol and clinical symptoms such as obesity, anxiety, and depression. The study recommends adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular checkups, and cautious use of corticosteroids under medical supervision to reduce cortisol-related health risks.
Cortisol, Metabolic disorders, Psychological disorders, Insulin resistance, Depression, Bipolar disorder, Obesity, Stress, Libya
Application of Geographic Information Systems to Improve the Design and Spacing of Road Cross Drain Culverts
Cross drain culverts are essential for managing surface runoff, preventing road erosion, and mitigating sediment impacts from forest roads on stream networks and surrounding ecosystems. This study aims to improve the design and spacing of cross drain culverts and to evaluate potential culvert locations using interactive Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. These tools enable the analysis of terrain features, hydrological networks, and sediment delivery volumes, facilitating accurate and informed design decisions. Results indicate that GIS-based approaches can reduce sediment accumulation and decrease maintenance and water management costs.
Cross drain culverts, Road drainage design, Sediment transport, Forest roads, Surface runoff management, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Sediment modeling
Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis in Libya: A Multivariate Statistical Application and Analysis
Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in Libya and is frequently diagnosed an advanced stage, adversely affecting prognosis and survival. Evidence on factors independently associated with late-stage presentation in Libya remains limited, particularly from studies employing multivariate statistical methods. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the demographic, reproductive, behavioral, and biological factors independently associated with advanced-stage breast cancer diagnosis (Stage III) among Libyan women. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer treated at the Al-Riaya Medical Clinic, Tripoli. Data were obtained from structured interviews, medical records, and laboratory databases covering the period 2017–2022. The outcome variable was stage at diagnosis, dichotomized into early stage (Stages I–II) versus advanced stage (Stage III). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with Stage III diagnosis. Results: Of the 220 patients, 44% were diagnosed at Stage III. After adjustment for potential confounders, nulliparity was the strongest predictor of advanced-stage diagnosis (AOR = 6.42, 95% CI: 2.87–14.36; p < 0.001). Symptom-based detection was associated with nearly a fivefold increased likelihood of Stage III disease compared with screening-based diagnosis (AOR = 4.91, 95% CI: 2.24–10.77; p < 0.001). Physical inactivity (AOR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.45–6.84; p = 0.004), positive family history of cancer (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.33–5.82; p = 0.007), and vitamin D deficiency (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.12–4.35; p = 0.022) were also independently associated with advanced-stage diagnosis. Elevated fasting blood glucose showed a positive but non-significant association with Stage III disease.
Breast cancer; Stage at diagnosis; Risk factors; Logistic regression; Libya; Multivariate analysis
الآثار البيئية والاقتصادية لتدهور الموارد المائية في مزارع ضواحي مدينة الزاوية خلال الفترة (2000-2024م)
Objective: This study aims to monitor and analyze the repercussions of the qualitative and quantitative degradation of groundwater resources in the suburbs of Al-Zawiya (Juda'im, Al-Harsha, Abu Sarah, and Al-Matrad). It investigates the link between water deterioration and environmental changes in soil and vegetation, while measuring the resulting economic losses and farmers' adaptation capacities. Methodology: The study adopted an integrated analytical and inductive methodology, incorporating modern geospatial techniques and field research, including: Hydrochemical Analysis: Collecting and analyzing samples from 40 groundwater wells to measure salinity indicators (TDS) and chloride concentrations. Geospatial Techniques: Utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to model the spatial extent of seawater intrusion and Remote Sensing (NDVI) to assess salt-induced stress on vegetation. Theoretical Framework: Applying the "Ecological Equilibrium Theory" and the "Tragedy of the Commons" to interpret human behavior toward water resources. Key Findings: Severe Qualitative Degradation: The study recorded a significant advancement of the "saltwater wedge" (seawater intrusion) at distances ranging from 1.5 to 3 km inland, with groundwater salinity (TDS) increasing by over 370% compared to the year 2000. Environmental Collapse: Irrigation with highly saline water led to "soil salinization" and the collapse of its physical structure, resulting in the death of perennial trees and the drying up of cash crops (citrus and almond trees). Economic Depletion: Agricultural production costs rose by 200% due to the need for deeper wells and private desalination units, leading to a 45% decline in net profit margins. Urban Sprawl Catalyst: The study confirmed that water degradation acted as the primary "economic driver" pushing farmers to abandon agriculture and transform their farms into unplanned residential plots, directly linking these findings to the urban sprawl phenomenon observed in the region. Recommendations: Declare "Water Protection Zones" in coastal suburbs to prohibit drilling new wells and protect the coastal aquifer. Expand the use of treated wastewater for irrigating green belts to alleviate pressure on groundwater. Provide technical and financial support for farmers to transition toward smart irrigation systems and cultivate salt-tolerant crop varieties to ensure agricultural sustainability.
Seawater intrusion, Hydrological degradation, Soil salinization, Economic adaptation, Al-Zawiya City, Environmental sustainability
انعكاسات النمو الحضري غير المخطط على تدهور الغطاء النباتي في ضواحي مدينة الزاوية خلال الفترة (2000-2024م)
Objective: This study aims to monitor and analyze the environmental impacts resulting from random urban sprawl on vegetation cover in the suburbs of Al-Zawiya City (Juda'im, Al-Harsha, Abu Sarah, and Al-Matrad). Methodology: The study adopted an integrated methodology combining theoretical analysis with modern technical applications, including: Analysis of satellite imagery (Landsat) for 2000 and 2024. Application of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to measure vegetation density. Use of Change Detection techniques to track spatial transformations. Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing. Key Findings: Severe Vegetation Degradation: The area lost approximately 51% of its vegetation cover over a quarter-century, with green spaces declining from 65% in 2000 to 32% in 2024. Random Growth Pattern: Prevalence of Ribbon Development along main road axes, leading to fragmentation of green infrastructure. Agricultural Land Fragmentation: Large agricultural holdings transformed into unregulated small residential plots. Serious Environmental Consequences: Exacerbation of Urban Heat Island effect, soil degradation, disruption of hydrological cycles, and loss of biodiversity. Recommendations: Implement smart surveillance using geospatial technologies. Update structural plans to incorporate green belts. Enact strict legislation to protect agricultural lands. Develop integrated planning strategies for urban sustainability.
Urban growth, urban sprawl, vegetation cover, NDVI, remote sensing, Al-Zawiya, urban sustainability
استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في عملية المراجعة في ليبيا من وجهة نظر المراجعين الخارجيين
"This study aimed to identify the challenges and difficulties that external audit firms in Libya may face when implementing artificial intelligence (AI) techniques during the auditing process. Furthermore, it explored the potential contribution of AI in developing and enhancing the auditing process within these firms, from the perspective of external auditors working in Libyan audit offices. To achieve its objectives, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary research instrument. The study reached several key findings, most notably that the use of AI applications in external audit firms in Libya faces significant challenges, including a lack of technological and linguistic qualifications among auditors, limited specialized training, high implementation costs, and the absence of regulatory legislation. Conversely, the results demonstrated that the use of AI techniques significantly contributes to developing and improving the quality of the external audit process by enhancing efficiency and accuracy, analyzing big data, detecting fraud, and improving supervisory procedures. Moreover, it supports compliance with international standards, which positively reflects on the reliability of financial statements and report quality, strengthens the governance role of auditing, and assists in making more rational professional decisions.
أثر تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة الضريبية على جودة الأداء المحاسبي الضريبي
This study aims to examine the impact of applying tax governance principles on the quality of tax accounting performance. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was developed by the researcher after verifying its validity and reliability, and then distributed to a sample of employees working in the tax administration within major cities and several affiliated offices. A random sample was selected from the study population, and a total of 120 questionnaires were distributed. The study employed the descriptive method for the theoretical framework and the analytical method for processing and analyzing the collected data. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses through various statistical techniques, including Cronbach’s Alpha to measure the internal consistency and reliability of the questionnaire items, arithmetic means and standard deviations to assess the degree of agreement among the study variables, and the One Sample T-Test to determine the acceptance or rejection of the proposed hypotheses. The findings revealed a significant impact of applying tax governance principles on the quality of tax accounting performance at the Libyan Tax Authority. This result was confirmed by the respondents’ agreement, as reflected in the acceptance of the three hypotheses related to the application of governance principles in tax legislation, tax administration, and the tax community, all of which contribute to enhancing the quality of tax accounting performance. The study also presented several recommendations, the most important of which include the need to update tax legislation in alignment with tax governance requirements to improve and enhance the efficiency of tax accounting performance. Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of integrating modern information technologies into tax collection processes and linking them to a unified system to promote fairness and transparency in taxation, as well as the necessity of training and developing tax personnel in the implementation of tax governance principles.
Tax Governance Principles; Quality of Tax Accounting Performance; Efficiency of Tax Administration; Tax Compliance; Libyan Tax Legislation; Tax Transparency; Tax Information Systems
دور الأمن السيبراني في مكافحة الجرائم المالية والالكترونية (الابتزاز الإلكتروني الموجه ضد النساء نموذجاً)
This study aims to identify the nature of electronic blackmail, as one of the most dangerous cyber and financial crimes in the modern era, and to demonstrate the significant role that cybersecurity plays in combating it, as it is one of the effective ways to reduce it. In addition, it addresses the role of rapid technological progress, which has facilitated the commission of these crimes in all their forms. This development can be considered both a blessing and a curse at the same time. Accordingly, it can be said that while these modern technologies improve the efficiency and quality of work and foster innovation, they also cause significant security vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cybercriminals. This has led to cybersecurity facing numerous and significant challenges. Perhaps the phenomenon of electronic blackmail of women is one of the most dangerous and prominent of these. It has recently invaded Libyan society in an alarming way and through various methods. The misuse of the internet has led to the emergence of a group of users who seek to dedicate their efforts to adapting this technology to serve their self-serving interests by blackmailing internet users, through the use of vulgar methods that may be emotional or material to lure victims. They threaten victims by publishing embarrassing or confidential information, or by disabling their phone or computer systems, to force them to pay money, provide services, or gain illicit benefits, whether material or otherwise. Their methods vary, ranging from ransomware and distributed denial-of-service attacks to threats of publishing personal information. These tactics typically begin with entrapment or hacking and end with threats and extortion. It's worth noting that these tactics encompass various forms, including financial, emotional, and social blackmail. This necessitates heightened security awareness, strict laws, and close cooperation between individuals and security agencies to protect people and digital assets from this imminent danger. Individuals should report such incidents immediately and preserve evidence.
Cybercrime, Cyber Extortion, Cybersecurity, Technological Development, Digital Space
تأثير التدريب التفاعلي بالواقع المعزز المدعوم بالذكاء الاصطناعي على كفاءة مراجعي نظم تخطيط موارد المؤسسة ERP)) دراسة استطلاعية استقصائية على ديوان المحاسبة الليبي
This study aimed to explore the role of Augmented Reality (AR) technologies supported by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the competence of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) auditors at the Libyan Court of Accounts. The study problem arises from the limited adoption of interactive modern training technologies within auditing institutions in developing countries, alongside the absence of intelligent training models that consider individual differences and auditors’ levels of professional experience,The study employed a descriptive-analytical survey design, collecting field data using a questionnaire distributed to a convenience sample of auditors at the Libyan Court of Accounts who possess practical experience with ERP systems. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to assess perception levels and evaluate the impact of interactive training on auditors’ competence,The results indicated a high level of acceptance and positive perception regarding the integration of AR+AI technologies in the auditing work environment. The findings demonstrated that interactive training significantly contributes to meeting professional needs, improving performance, accelerating the learning process, and reducing operational errors. Moreover, statistically significant differences were observed in the evaluation of the effectiveness of these technologies, which were attributed to auditors’ years of professional experience and prior training,The study concluded that transitioning from traditional training models to intelligent interactive learning environments represents a strategic necessity to keep pace with digital transformation requirements in auditing institutions. It recommended adopting training programs based on digital simulations and developing the technical infrastructure of the Libyan Court of Accounts to support the implementation of AI and AR technologies, thereby enhancing the quality and efficiency of financial and administrative auditing practices.
Interactive Training,Augmented Reality (AR),Artificial Intelligence (AI),Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP),Auditors’ Competence,Libyan Court of Accounts
التطوع الاحترافي وعلاقته بتنمية المسؤولية الاجتماعية لدى طالبات كلية التربية بجامعة الزاوية"
Title: Professional Volunteering and its Relationship to Developing Social Responsibility among Students of the Faculty of Education at the University of Zawiya. Objectives: This study aimed to diagnose the reality of professional volunteering among students at the Faculty of Education, University of Zawiya. It sought to measure its impact on enhancing social responsibility dimensions (personal, national, and religious). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify the sociological and organizational obstacles that limit students' involvement in organized voluntary work. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. A scientifically validated questionnaire was administered to a substantial sample of 2,000 female students. The sample was selected using a simple random sampling method across various academic and pedagogical departments for the academic year 2024-2025. Key Findings: The results revealed a high level of awareness among students regarding the concept of "professional volunteering" and its link to professional duty. The study proved statistically significant differences in social responsibility indicators (commitment, discipline, and effectiveness) in favor of students who participated in voluntary work. Findings indicated that 57.5% of the study sample represents "untapped energy" as they had not engaged in any previous voluntary activities. The most prominent obstacles were time constraints and conflicts between activities and academic schedules (93.3%), followed by the absence of a formal system for accrediting voluntary hours. Recommendations: The study recommended the institutionalization of voluntary work by establishing a specialized administrative unit within the faculty. It also suggested adopting an academic incentive system that includes voluntary hours in the student's academic record, and strengthening partnerships between the university and civil society institutions in the city of Zawiya.
Professional Volunteering, Social Responsibility, University of Zawiya, Faculty of Education, Social Work
تحديد نوع المناخ بإستخدام معامل الجفاف ( ديمارتون ) في محطة نالوت للفترة 1960-2020م
This study aims to determine the climatic type of Nalut station during the period (1960–2020) using the De Martonne Aridity Index, which is based on average temperature and rainfall amounts. The study period was divided into two intervals (1960–1989) and (1990–2020) to examine climatic changes. The results revealed the dominance of a semi-arid climate during most months of the first period, followed by a noticeable shift toward a humid climate in the second period, mainly due to increased rainfall despite rising temperatures. Statistical analysis showed a strong inverse correlation between the aridity index and temperature, and a strong positive correlation between the aridity index and rainfall, confirming that increased precipitation enhances climatic humidity. The findings indicate a clear climatic change in the region, highlighting the need for sustainable environmental planning to address future drought variability.
De Martonne Aridity Index, climatic drought, climate change, rainfall, temperature, Nalut station
Challenges Faced by Instructors in Designing Fair and Valid English Language Tests for ELLs: A Case Study at Abu Esa College
This study investigates the challenges English language instructors face in designing fair and valid assessments for English Language Learners (ELLs) at Abu Issa College. Using a descriptive survey approach, data were collected from instructors through a questionnaire consisting of Likert-scale and open-ended items. Findings indicate that major challenges include insufficient training in assessment, time constraints, large class sizes, mixed student proficiency levels, and limited institutional support. Instructors also highlighted the importance of professional development, collaboration, and access to updated assessment resources in enhancing test validity and fairness. The study underscores the significant impact of assessment quality on students’ motivation and learning outcomes. Practical recommendations are provided to support instructors in developing more effective and equitable assessments in EFL contexts.
English language assessment, test validity, assessment fairness, EFL instructors, challenges in test design
أثر التكنولوجيا الرقمية على مشروعية القرار الإداري الإلكتروني
Digital technology legitimizes electronic administrative decisions by enabling them to meet basic requirements such as identifying the source, maintaining confidentiality, and ensuring electronic timing, thus strengthening their legal value. New challenges threaten its legitimacy, primarily concerning guarantees for the protection of personal data, non-discrimination in access to digital services, and the protection of users' rights, especially those with limited technical expertise. This necessitates the development of sophisticated digital regulatory frameworks based on standards of security, transparency, and equality to achieve a balance between the efficiency of e-government and the guarantee of rights and freedoms.
Technology – Digitalization – Legality – Administrative Decision.
The impact of using Power Point presentations in documenting Scientific activities (presentation and evaluation skills course:
Given the importance of using presentations to easily convey ideas and solidify information in all fields of knowledge, including history, which is often viewed as a narrative discipline concerned solely with the past and not keeping pace with developments, particularly in the technological field, this research aims to highlight the importance of using digital methods alongside the historical narrative approach in studying and narrating human events and activities. It is generally accepted that documents and images become historical records after a certain period of time. This study aims to demonstrate how to benefit from preserving presentations prepared for academic activities (seminars, conferences, research, lectures, and lessons) by documenting them to create an archive that can be utilized in the future. It emphasizes the necessity of preserving history and connecting it to the present and future while maintaining authenticity and identity.
(History – Document – Archive – Course – Technological Education – Electronic Literacy Converter – PowerPoint- Evaluation)
دور التعلم في ضوء الأنشطة التعليمية التكنولوجية لتنمية مهارات الاستقصاء العلمي
This study aimed to analyze the role of educational technological activities in developing students’ scientific inquiry skills through a library-based analytical review of relevant educational literature and previous studies، The study explored the relationship between integrating technological activities into the learning environment and the development of inquiry skills such as observation، problem identification، hypothesis formulation، and data analysis، The analysis indicated that most previous studies focused on measuring the effectiveness of technology-based interventions، while the theoretical analytical understanding of this relationship remained limited، The study proposed a theoretical perspective suggesting that technological activities contribute indirectly to inquiry skill development by enhancing active learning، increasing cognitive interaction، and fostering intrinsic motivation، The study recommended the systematic integration of technological activities into teaching practices، professional development for teachers، and future empirical research to examine the proposed perspective.
Educational technological activities، scientific inquiry skills، active learning، educational technology
Analysis of Solar Energy Efficiency and its Applications in Sustainable Electricity Production"
Solar energy is witnessing a major expansion as it is considered one of the most important renewable energy sources that contribute to reducing carbon emissions and providing sustainable electricity solutions. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of solar energy systems and the factors affecting their performance, while presenting a comparison between different types of solar cells (see Table 1) and analytical figures illustrating the study results (see Figure 1). The paper summarizes a set of recommendations that contribute to raising the efficiency of electricity generation based on solar energy. It also relies on a scientific review of the latest technologies used to increase efficiency, such as high-performance cells and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms.
Solar Energy, Efficiency, Photovoltaic (PV) cells, Sustainable Electricity, Renewable Energy