The Journal of Comprehensive Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
الإدارة العامة للمطبوعات والمصنفات الفنيةبوزارة الثقافة والمجتمع المدني
المشكلات التي تواجهها المعلمات المتقاعدات من التعليم الاساسي والثانوي بمراقبة تعليم طرابلس وعلاقتها ببعض المتغيرات
قد تكون مرحلــة التقاعد من اصعب المراحل التي يمر بها الانسان بعد مرحلة المراهقة، لما لها من تأثير في حياة الفرد، وما للعمل من مكانة كبيرة في حياة الفرد تتعدي الاهمية المادية، فهو المكانة الاجتماعية و الدور الذي يؤديه الفرد في المجتمع وهو بالتقاعد قد يفقدها جميعها. غيـر ما يرافق هذه المرحلة العمريـــة من مشاكل قد تكون صحيــة، نفسية، اجتماعية، و اقتصاديـــة، قــد تزداد حدتها مع الوقت . فهذه الدراســــة تحاول ان تسبر اغوار ما بعد التقاعـــد لدى المعلمــة المتقاعدة من التعليــم الاساسي والثانوي في ليبيا.
المعلمات المتقاعدات، التعليم، المتغيرات.
Copyright (c) 2025 Comprehensive Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
السلوك العدواني لدى الأطفال( مفهومه وأشكاله ومظاهره وأسبابه والنظريات المفسرة له)
This study aimed to identify aggressive behavior in children, in terms of its concept, forms, manifestations, causes, and theories explaining it. The researcher followed the inductive and deductive method, which relies on reviewing previous theoretical literature to collect data and information. This method is one of the most important methods used in qualitative studies. The importance of this study stems from the fact that it addresses a behavioral problem known as aggressive behavior, which has increased in our time and has negative effects on the individual, the family, and society alike. Through this study, the researcher concluded that aggressive acts are nothing but a result of the various environmental changes that occur at all levels and aspects that constitute this environment, as a result of human interaction with it through giving and receiving. It is as if reality is saying that the defacement of public property today is nothing but a reaction to what has happened at the social levels that make up our Arab societies. The problem of aggressive behavior is considered one of the problems that has become a source of anxiety for individuals in society due to its negative effects on all age groups, as it affects the stages of individual development. Therefore, it is necessary to Parents should give their child complete freedom to express their opinion in order to establish their presence and express themselves, and surround them with affection, love, and tenderness to achieve healthy adjustment to themselves and others. Based on the researcher's findings on the study topic, the following recommendations and suggestions were presented.
تطور الزواج والتعليم والقوى العاملة في ليبيا: دراسة جغرافية تحليلية للمدة من 1973 إلى 2020"
This research aims to study the development of marriage, education, and the labor force in Libya during the period from 1973 to 2020, analyze the relationships among them, and identify the challenges facing the country in these areas. The study employed the descriptive–analytical method and relied on secondary sources and statistical data. The results showed an increase in marriage rates, education levels, and labor force participation. However, numerous challenges remain, including unemployment, poverty, and domestic violence. The study recommends strengthening family and marriage support programs, improving the quality of education, enhancing participation in the labor force, combating unemployment and poverty, and promoting the role of women in society. It also suggests developing family and marriage support programs and empowering youth in the community.
الزواج ، التعليم ، القوى العاملة ، ليبيا
دور الخدمة الاجتماعية في تعزيز رفاهية المسنين في مدينة زوارة
The study aimed to determine the impact of social services provided to the elderly, such as healthcare, psychological support, and social activities, on their well-being. Additionally, it sought to identify the main challenges hindering the delivery of these services and propose solutions to improve them. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, which suited the nature and objectives of the study. Data were collected and phenomena were categorized as they exist in reality, using both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. A questionnaire was designed with various sections aligned with the study's goals, and a Likert scale was used to measure the level of agreement with each statement in the survey. The research community consisted of elderly individuals receiving services from social welfare institutions in Zuwara city, and a sample of 36 individuals was selected. The analysis employed a one-sample t-test, standard deviation calculations, and data distribution tests to ensure accurate analysis, with a significance level set at 0.05. The results revealed a strong statistically significant relationship between social services and the well-being of the elderly, with healthcare having the greatest impact (85% agreement), while social activities had the least effect. The results also highlighted challenges such as the lack of specialized healthcare facilities and trained personnel. Recommendations include improving healthcare infrastructure, organizing training programs for workers, increasing social activities, and intensifying awareness campaigns. Suggested solutions include establishing specialized social and psychological counselors, developing a regular follow-up system, and integrating technology to facilitate access to services
دور الخدمة الاجتماعية ، تعزيز رفاهية المسنين ، مدينة زوارة
"التحليل المالي ودوره في اتخاذ القرارات التمويلية الإسلامية" (دراسة تطبيقية على مصرف الصحاري فرع الرشيد طرابلس ).
تم في هذا البحث تناول موضوع مهم في مجال التمويل والمصارف، وهو دور التحليل المالي في إتخاذ القرارات التمويلية الإسلامية، وذلك من خلال دراسة تطبيقية على مصرف الصحاري – فرع الرشيد. كما تتمثل مشكلة الدراسة في التساؤل ما مدى اعتماد المصارف الإسلامية في ليبيا على التحليل المالي عند إتخاذ القرارات التمويلية؟ وللإجابة عن هذا التساؤل صيغت فرضيتان الأولى تفترض الإستخدام الفعّال للتحليل المالي في القرارات التمويلية، بينما الثانية تفترض عدم استخدامه بشكل فعّال. وتوزع البحث على ثلاثة فصول رئيسية، الفصل الأول تناول الإطار العام للبحث، حيث عُرضت المقدمة الدراسة وأهدافها وفرضياتها وأهميتها ومنهجيتها وحدودها. الفصل الثاني استعرض الإطار النظري للدراسة ، حيث تضمن ثلاثة مباحث المبحث الأول عن مفهومه وأهمية وأدوات التحليل المالي، والمبحث الثاني عن المصارف الإسلامية وخصائصها وأهدافها، والمبحث الثالث عن دور التحليل المالي في اتخاذ القرارات التمويلية الإسلامية وصيغ التمويل الشرعي. الفصل الثالث شكل الإطار العملي للدراسة ، حيث تم تقديم نبذة عن مصرف الصحاري – فرع الرشيد، ثم عرض خطوات الدراسة الميدانية، وتحليل الاستبيان الموزع على عينة قوامها 30 موظفًا، واختبار الفرضيات باستخدام الأساليب الإحصائية. ومن خلال نتائج الاستبيان وبالاعتماد على التحليل الاحصائي، توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أن التحليل المالي يُعد أداة جوهرية في تحسين القرارات التمويلية وتقليل احتمالات التعثر، غير أن مستوى الاعتماد عليه يختلف بإختلاف الخبرة والآليات التنظيمية داخل المصارف.
The Containment Relationships Between the Varieties of m-groups
The nation of an m-group as algebraic system is relatively new and was intrudes by (Giraudet, M. and Rachunek, J.,1999) when they were studying order properties of monotonic permutation groups of linearly ordered sets. In the present study the containment relationships between the varieties of m-groups will be exhibited where we will prove that the set of all varieties of m-groups are lattice and semigroup. The connections between the varieties of ????m, ????m, ????m, ????m and ????nm will be described.
order, variety, po-group, l-group, m-group.
Design and Implementation of an Arduino-Based Smart Dam for Automated Water Management
This research explores the design and realization of a smart dam model controlled by Arduino technology to demonstrate modern approaches to water resource management. The system integrates sensors, actuators, and programmed logic to monitor water levels, regulate flow, and prevent overflow through automated gate control. The project emphasizes how low-cost microcontroller platforms can effectively replicate essential hydraulic functions and support real-time decision-making. The results confirm that such systems can enhance safety, efficiency, and automation in dam operations while offering an affordable platform for experimentation and learning. The study further highlights the educational and research potential of microcontroller-based simulations in bridging theoretical knowledge and practical engineering applications. Although the model operates on a reduced scale, it establishes a valuable foundation for future developments in smart dam systems incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, renewable energy integration, and predictive control algorithms. Overall, the work illustrates how digital technologies can transform traditional hydraulic infrastructure into intelligent, adaptive, and sustainable systems for the future.
Smart Dam, Arduino, Automation, Water Resource Management, IoT, Sensors, Hydraulic Control, Sustainable Engineering, Digital Infrastructure.
دور النشاط البدني في التخفيف من القلق الاجتماعي لدى ذوي الإعاقات الحسية
Anxiety Levels in Individuals with Sensory Impairments (Blind and Deaf). This theoretical study addresses the dual challenge faced by individuals with sensory impairments (blind and deaf) concerning their elevated rates of Social Anxiety, often stemming from communication barriers and environmental obstacles. The study aims to establish and analyze the mechanisms through which regular and adapted physical activity is theoretically expected to contribute to reducing these anxiety levels. The theoretical framework is grounded in a two-level analysis of the mechanisms: The Physiological Mechanism, where physical activity promotes the release of calming neurotransmitters (like serotonin and endorphins) and regulates the stress axis (HPA Axis) to reduce the physiological arousal of anxiety; and the Psychological Mechanism, where activity enhances Self-Efficacy and Positive Body Image, thereby breaking the cycle of Self-Focused Attention, which is central to social anxiety. The study presents a Progressive Reference Framework for adapted physical programs that accounts for the specificity of each impairment (such as relying on acoustic signals for the blind and visual cues for the deaf) to ensure effective inclusion. The study recommends adopting this theoretical framework as a guide for developing specialized sports intervention programs to enhance the psychological resilience and social competence of this populati.
Assessment of Seawater Intrusion and Associated Environmental Impacts on the Al-Qarabulli Coastal Aquifer, Libya
Seawater intrusion into groundwater aquifers is a natural phenomenon that commonly occurs in coastal regions due to the encroachment of seawater into freshwater reservoirs. This process leads to the degradation of groundwater quality, directly impacting the availability of potable water—particularly in populated areas that rely fully or partially on groundwater as a primary water source. As part of a scientific investigation conducted in the Al-Qarabulli region, water samples were collected from 12 wells located at varying distances from the coastline, ranging from 200 meters to 10 kilometers. The analysis involved measuring the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium ions. Additionally, the extent of seawater intrusion was assessed using the Jones Index and Base Exchange Index (BEX)
Al-Qarabulli, Coastal aquifers, Groundwater quality, Hydrochemical indices, Seawater intrusion.
Evaluation of antibody titers, specific hematological parameters, and clinical manifestations correlated of SARS-CoV-2 infection Among symptomatic COVID-19 patients at the Brak isolation center in Libya.
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that make mammals and birds sick. Some members of this group can infect people, and the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of this group. It is the cause of the current worldwide pandemic, and it has never been found in people before. The virus can be passed from animals to people. This study was conducted to investigate the disease's distribution among patients and to evaluate antibody titers, considering the limited research on this virus in Libya despite its prevalent occurrence in various regions. Results: An analysis of 25 confirmed cases showed that men (18 cases; 72%) were more likely to get infected than women (7 cases; 28%). The results showed that the risk of getting an infection went up with age, especially for people between the ages of 50 and 59. The most common clinical sign was fever, which was present in 23 cases (92%). Additionally, individuals with chronic conditions, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension, exhibited a heightened susceptibility to infection (41.9%). Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a positive association between CRP and D-dimer (R = 0.5, P = 0.06), although it lacked statistical significance. The lymphocyte count showed a negative correlation with CRP (R = -0.5, P = 0.3) and D-dimer (R = -0.5, P = 0.1), but neither of these correlations was statistically significant.
SARS-COV-2, COVID-19, Antibody titers, Clinical manifestations , Hematological parameters
Enhancing Digital Marketing Strategies Using Artificial Intelligence: An Applied Case Study
In light of the rapid digital transformation and increasing market competition, it has become essential to adopt more effective and intelligent digital marketing strategies. This study aims to explore the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing digital marketing strategies through an applied case study of a company/platform that utilizes AI technologies in its marketing campaigns. Tools such as sentiment analysis, content personalization, and customer behavior prediction were employed to measure their impact on audience engagement and conversion rates. The results showed a significant improvement in marketing performance and increased customer satisfaction, highlighting the importance of integrating AI technologies into future marketing plans. The study recommends adopting predictive and analytical AI tools as a core part of the digital marketing decision-making process.
Artificial Intelligence, Digital Marketing, Sentiment Analysis, Personalization, Behavioral Prediction, Recommendation Algorithms, User Experience, Case Study
Developing a Trip Generation Model for South Tripoli Using Linear Regression Analysis: A Case Study of Residential Travel Behavi
South Tripoli has experienced substantial demographic, economic, and spatial transformations over the past decade, leading to significant increases in travel demand and pressure on its urban road network. Efficient transportation planning requires accurate estimation of household-level trip production, yet cities in Libya continue to lack locally calibrated trip generation models derived from empirical socio-economic data. This study develops a trip generation model for South Tripoli using multiple linear regression analysis, relying on primary household survey data collected from residential zones in the southern suburban districts. A stratified random sampling technique was implemented across defined Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs), yielding a final sample of 430 households. Household socio-economic characteristics—including family size, number of workers, income levels, vehicle ownership, age structure, and licensed drivers—were evaluated as predictors of total trip production and specific trip purposes. Results indicate that the overall trip generation model achieves a strong explanatory power, with an R² of 0.44, suggesting that approximately 44% of the variance in household trip production is explained by the socio-economic variables. The most influential predictors were: number of workers, number of licensed drivers, household size, and number of qualified/educated persons. These findings align with earlier studies in both developed and developing contexts, where economic activity and mobility capacity strongly correlate with trip frequency. The study provides a locally calibrated and statistically validated framework for urban planners in Tripoli, enabling more reliable forecasting of travel demand and supporting future infrastructure investment decisions. It also recommends building nonlinear and machine learning–based extensions to improve predictive accuracy in evolving Libyan citie.
Trip generation; South Tripoli; linear regression; household travel behavior; transportation planning; socio-economic variables; Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs); Libya.
Optimal Capacitor Allocation and Sizing in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks Using PSO and OpenDSS
The optimal allocation and sizing of capacitors in a Medium Voltage (MV) distribution grid utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for selecting the optimum size and placement of capacitors units can significantly affect the distribution grid. Capacitor installation serves as a standard approach for reactive power compensation. This study focuses on optimizing capacitor allocation and sizing to enhance voltage profiles and minimize power losses. The PSO algorithm, in conjunction with OpenDSS, is used to analyze the power flow outcomes from the IEEE 14 Bus system. To achieve this, the PSO and OpenDSS tools were employed in the research to process the power flow data from the standard IEEE 14 Bus system. The performance of the PSO model was evaluated by presenting the outcomes, demonstrating that the PSO algorithm successfully determines the optimal size and location of capacitors.
index Terms—Capacitor Placement; Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO); Open DSS engines ;Power Loss Minimization.
أثر دمج إستراتيجيات تنمية التفكير في تدريس العلوم الرياضية على مهارات اتخاذ القرار أثناء الأداء الحركي لدى طلبة قسم التربية البدنية بكلية الآداب والتربية صبراتة ( دراسة وصفية)
This study aims to investigate the impact of integrating thinking development strategies in teaching sports sciences on decision-making skills during motor performance among Physical Education students at the Faculty of Arts and Education – Sabratha, through a descriptive correlational design. The research employed a descriptive correlational methodology, with the population comprising all students in the department during Spring 2025, and a sample of 130 students. Two main instruments were used: a questionnaire on thinking development strategies in teaching sports sciences and a questionnaire on decision-making skills during motor performance. The instruments’ validity and reliability were confirmed, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.87 to 0.91, indicating high internal consistency, Results revealed that students’ perception of thinking strategies was high (75.4%), while their motor decision-making skills scored 77.6%, reflecting a good ability to select appropriate responses, organize performance, and make rapid decisions. Data also indicated a positive relationship between the integration of thinking strategies and decision-making skills, supporting the hypothesis that enhancing strategic and cognitive thinking positively influences motor performance,The study concluded that integrating thinking development strategies in sports sciences courses should be reinforced, alongside implementing practical simulations and exercises to improve decision-making skills. Additionally, training faculty members in modern thinking methods is recommended. These findings can contribute to improving the quality of university sports education and enhancing students’ ability to connect theoretical knowledge with practical performance in motor tasks.
Thinking Development Strategies, Sports Sciences, Decision-Making Skills, Motor Performance, Physical Education, Active Learning in Teaching
The Future of Digital Governance: A Critical Analysis of Digital Transformation in Libya
This study, titled "The Future of Digital Governance: A Critical Analysis of Digital Transformation in Libya," aims to evaluate the country's digital policies and legislation during the period from 2020 to 2025. It focuses on the challenges posed by the absence of a comprehensive national digital transformation strategy and the impact of limited data systems on the digitalization efforts within the education and health sectors. The findings reveal that Libya's digital legislative framework lacks integration and coordination, which hinders the effective implementation of policies. Furthermore, vital sectors suffer from a deep digital divide due to weak infrastructure and a shortage of digital skills, negatively impacting the delivery of public services. The study demonstrates that the primary reason for the slow pace of digital transformation in Libya is the lack of a unified strategy, which results in fragmented and uncoordinated efforts. By comparing Libya's situation with the experiences of countries like Rwanda and Estonia, the study highlights the importance of political leadership and a unified vision in achieving sustainable digital transformation. The study recommends the formulation of a comprehensive national digital governance strategy. This strategy should include developing digital infrastructure, improving data systems, building digital capacities, and fostering trust and transparency. The abstract emphasizes that successful digital transformation requires strong political commitment and effective coordination among all relevant stakeholders.
Digital Governance, Digital Transformation, Libya, Digital Policies, National Strategy, Digital Legislation, Data Future, Cybersecurity, Digital Sovereignty
تطبيقات التقنيات المكانية في الجغرافية الطبيعية نموذج تطبيقي لحساب مساحات الغطاء النباتي في منطقة نالوت
من المعروف ان تطور أي بلد يعتمد على جمع وحصر المعلومات الخاصة بالموارد الطبيعية والصناعية والاقتصادية وغيرها وذلك لاستخدامها في التخطيط المستقبلي أو لإيجاد الحلول للمشكلات المرتبطة بهذا البلد .وقد تعددت طرق ومصادر جمع المعلومات ومن هذه الطرق الطرق التقليدية مثل الاعمال الميدانية والإحصاءات وغيرها. الا ان التوسع في الحاجة الى البيانات المكانية سواء من حيث الحجم المساحي او دقة التفاصيل ، جعلت تلك المصادر التقليدية غير كافية او غير عملية من سرعة الحصول على العلومة وحجمها ودقتها . فدعت الحاج الى لابتكار طرق جديدة لجمع المعلومات ومن هذه الطرق جمع المعلومات او البيانات عن هدف ما بدون الوصول اليه او ملامسته وذلك ما يعرف اليوم بالاستشعار عن بعد (Remote Sensing ) والذي كان يعرف بمصطلح الصور الجوية ( Aerial photo Interpretation ) وكان يقصد بذلك الصور الفتوغرافية التي تلتقطها الطائرات والمناطيد وذلك باستخدام الأفلام التقليدية وفي عام 1960 م ظهر ما يعرف بالاستشعار عن بعد وأصبحت هناك مناظر ومرئيات (Images) تؤخذ عن بعد وتختلف في طريقة تشكيلها واستخراجها عن الصور الفتوغرافية ولكنها لا تختلف عليه من المظهر واصبح لفظ الصور الجوية معني به الصور التي تؤخذ بواسطة الطائرات والمناطيد والتي تستخدم طرق التصوير التقليدية في النطاق من الاشعة الكهرومغناطيسية . اما الاستشعار بعد فهو اعم واشمل حيث يقصد كل طرق الاستشعار بعد بما في ذلك الصور الجوية والمناظير الفضائية .
أثر بيئة العمل التنظيمية في مشاعر الاغتراب الوظيفي لدى معلمي التعليم الثانوي لدراسة تجريبية في مدينة العجيلات
This research aims to examine the causal relationship between the organizational work environment and job alienation among secondary school teachers in the city of Ajilat, Libya, it does so by testing the impact of six key dimensions of the organizational work environment: salaries and financial incentives, relationships with students, relationships with colleagues, use of technology, participation in decision-making, and performance evaluation, on the five dimensions of job alienation (loss of meaning, loss of power, loss of norms, social isolation, and self- estrangement). The descriptive analytical method was employed, and a questionnaire was distributed to a simple random sample of 218 male and female teachers out of a total of 250 forms distributed. Statistical analysis using multiple regression coefficients revealed that the first three dimensions salaries and incentives, relationships with colleagues, and use of technology collectively explained 52.4% of the variance in job alienation, while the remaining dimensions contributed additional explanatory power percentages ranging between 13.6% and 14.6%. The overall mean of job alienation reached 3.72 out of 5, indicating a noticeable rise in negative feelings tow artwork. The Study recommends restructuring reward systems, fostering a culture of teamwork, investing in technological infrastructure, and providing genuine channels for participation in decision-making, in addition to conducting longitudinal studies to assess the impact of organizational interventions.
مدى استخدام مفهومي تحليلات البيانات الضخمة وحوكمة تكنولوجيا المعلومات ودورهما في كشف الغش بالقوائم المالية: دراسة ميدانية على المصارف التجارية
This research aims to measure the extent of use of the concepts of big data analytics and information technology governance and their role in detecting fraud in financial statements by applying them to commercial banks during the period from 2025, especially in the existence of a guide for applying information technology governance issued by the Central Bank of Libya, as the results of the research showed: the lack of use of the concept of big data analytics in commercial banks, the lack of use of the concept of information technology governance in Libyan commercial banks, Finally, while traditional tools are effective in detecting fraud in financial statements of Libyan commercial banks, they offer limited benefits due to rapid developments and changes. Modern financial and non-financial tools, such as big data analytics and information technology governance, can significantly enhance the ability to confront and reduce fraud risks.
Big Data Analytics - Information Technology Governance - Detecting Fraud in Financial Statements.
تقييم فعالية استخدام الوسائط المتعددة (Multimedia) في تبسيط مفاهيم الجغرافيا لدى طلاب المرحلة الجامعية
This study aims to evaluate the impact of employing multimedia (interactive images, digital maps, educational videos, and 3D models) on enhancing undergraduate students' understanding of geographical concepts compared to traditional methods. The study is based on a comparison between two groups: one group that uses multimedia in teaching, Others rely on traditional methods (text-based lectures and books). Pre-test and post-test assessment tools were used to determine the extent of improvement in understanding and comprehension after the application of multimedia, in addition to a questionnaire to clarify the technical aspect, the efficiency of time and effort use, and the impact of this on students' academic achievement. Preliminary results showed that using multimedia improves comprehension and increases student engagement with the material, while also reducing the time required to understand complex concepts, compared to traditional methods. These findings are consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated the importance of multimedia in higher education. For example, Mayer’s study (2009) showed that combining images and educational texts increases information retention and improves understanding [1].
Multimedia, Geography, PowerPoint, ArcGIS, Camtasia.
قدرة وتوافق أدوات التحكم المروري ومدى إرتباطها بالسلامة المرورية
§ The main objective of this study is to identify the availability of traffic safety equipment, as stipulated in the proposed traffic safety equipment guide, and its correlation with traffic accidents. This study was conducted in three stages: The first stage focused on collecting data related to the coastal road passing by the city of Janzour and the ring road that runs through it to survey the availability of traffic safety equipment on them. The second stage involved studying traffic accident data in this area during the period 2015-2018, as a preliminary study to determine the broad outlines of the study. The third stage involved designing a questionnaire to identify the most important factors resulting from traffic equipment that cause traffic accidents. § This study concluded the following: § • There is a 94% deficiency in the provision of traffic signals (warning, regulatory, and informational) in most sections of the coastal road in Janzour, based on the provisions of the proposed traffic safety equipment guide. § • Through analysis of the field survey of the reality of all signs for the ring road sections in the study area, it was found that there is a deficiency representing 96% in the provision of traffic signs (warning, regulatory, informational) in most sections, based on what is stated in the proposed traffic safety equipment manual. § • The most important factors resulting from the road that cause traffic accidents are the poor condition of the road surface in first place, followed by the lack of traffic safety equipment on the road in second place. § • This research shows that there is a lack of road equipment, which has contributed significantly to an increase in the number of accidents and the resulting increase in the number of deaths and injuries, as the primary purpose for which the sign was put in place is to
Traffic safety, traffic control equipment, road equipment
تحولات التلقي في عصر الإعلام الجديد: مقاربة تحليلية في ضوء نظرية التلقي.
This research aims to study the relationship between new media and its role in reshaping the sender –receiver relationship, transforming the recipient from a mere consumer to a partner in the production of meaning. The study is based on the premise that new has not abolished the concept of reception but rather expanded it, making it an open interpretive process that extends across interconnected digital spaces this research adopted a descriptive approach, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of classical reception theory as formulated by Hans Robert Jauss and Stuart Hall, and attempting to apply them to the contemporary digital environment.
تأثير ضغوط العمل في الاحتراق الوظيفي دراسة ميدانية علي موظفي شركة ليبيا للتأمين فرع الزاوية
This study aims to measure the impact of work stress on job burnout among employees at the Libyan Insurance Company – Zawiya Branch. The study analyzes four dimensions of work stress: workload, role conflict, job insecurity, and leadership style. A descriptive-analytical approach was used, and data were collected through a questionnaire administered to a simple random sample of (60) administrative, technical, and supervisory employees. The findings indicate high levels of both work stress and job burnout, and reveal a strong positive correlation between them (r=0.713) with statistical significance. Leadership style was found to be the most influential factor related to burnout, followed by job insecurity, workload, and role conflict. The study recommends adopting a participatory leadership style, redistributing workload, enhancing job stability, and reducing role conflict to help minimize burnout and improve organizational performance efficiency.
Work Stress, Job Burnout, Leadership Style, Workload, Job Insecurity, Role Conflict, Libyan Insurance Company – Zawiya Branch
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY-AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT USING INTRINSIC VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
In the present work, two types of polymers are polystyrene (PS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were used, where Molecular weight of polymers can be determined by different techniques such as intrinsic viscosity measurement. Determination of molecular weight by intrinsic viscosity measurement is a simple method for characterization of polymers. Different concentrations of polymers were prepared and measurement was done at room temperature. The flow time data was used to calculate the intrinsic viscosity by extrapolating the reduced viscosity to zero concentration. The value of intrinsic viscosity was then recalculated into the viscosity-average molecular weight using Mark-Houwink equation. The results were obtained to calculate the viscosity average molecular weight of both types of polymers respectively, PS is (97,223.05) and PDMS is (100,359.98) and are considered good results.
Ostwald Viscometer, viscosity average molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity, polymer
الاحتراق النفسي لدى المدربين الرياضيين كظاهرة سيكولوجية، والأسس النظرية لبناء برنامج إرشادي وقائي
The profession of sports coaching is a high-pressure environment where the chronic accumulation of occupational demands (such as pressure for results and job insecurity) leads to elevated rates of the Burnout Syndrome among coaches. This study illuminates this phenomenon as a three-dimensional psychological construct (Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Reduced Personal Accomplishment), grounding its analysis in the Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R Model) to establish the etiological factors of burnout. The study aims to bridge the theoretical gap in Arabic literature by designing a comprehensive theoretical framework for a preventive counseling program, based on an Integrative Counseling approach. This framework proposes merging two key theories: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to address irrational cognitions linked to Reduced Personal Accomplishment, and Mindfulness to enhance emotional regulation and reduce Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization. The study confirms that the proposed program, in its theoretical capacity, represents a systematic step towards equipping coaches with necessary psychological resilience and restoring self-efficacy, making it highly recommended as a theoretical reference for developing sustainable psychological support programs within sports organizations.
Mediation is a modern technique for facilitating negotiations between conflicting parties. It is performed by a neutral third party called the mediator. The mediator's work, which ranges from negotiating through mediation sessions and meetings with the parties, to bringing their viewpoints closer together on proposed solutions, aims to reach a settlement agreement and resolve the conflict. This requires specific skills and qualifications from the mediator, which provides additional safeguards during the mediation process, instills trust between the parties, and encourages mutual cooperation to resolve the issues related to the conflict. This is especially true since the mediator always seeks to calm tense relations between the conflicting parties and preserve their future relationships. The mediation process and its procedures are not in themselves an end sought by the parties to the conflict, but rather merely a means for them to end the conflict. This does not preclude the possibility that the mediation process will end without achieving its intended goal and objective. However, if the parties’ objective is achieved and they agree to settle the dispute, the primary objective of resorting to mediation is achieved, and the mediation process ends with the signing of a settlement agreement between the parties, and we move to the stage of implementing the agreement.
Mediation, Administrative Disputes, Mediator, Mediation Procedures, Negotiations
دور الالعاب التعليمية في تنمية بعض القيم الأخلاقية لدى أطفال الرياض من وجهة نظر المعلمات .
The study aimed to clarify the role of educational games in developing certain moral values among kindergarten children from the perspective of teachers. The researcher employed the descriptive method and applied a questionnaire to (14) teachers in several kindergartens. The results revealed that educational games contribute significantly to enhancing children’s moral values, such as respect, avoiding inappropriate language, cooperation, honesty, love of school, self-discipline, and positive participation. The findings also indicated that children interact more effectively with values when they are presented through play rather than through traditional teaching methods. The study confirmed that educational games are an effective tool for instilling moral values in kindergarten children. It recommends integrating them systematically into educational plans and training teachers to design and implement such games within daily activities.
This research focuses on the phenomenon of blending (lexical compounding) as one of the important morphological mechanisms in generating vocabulary in the Arabic language. It compares its use in both Classical Arabic and the Libyan dialect. The study is based on the idea that Arabic is a dynamic and evolving language whose growth is driven by the needs of its speakers, and that blending serves as an effective method for abbreviation and expressing complex meanings in a single word. The research highlights the contributions of early linguists, such as Al-Khalīl and Sibawayh, in establishing the concept, and then shows how it developed among modern scholars due to the increasing need to create new terminology. The study also emphasizes the linguistic significance of the Libyan dialect, particularly the Bedouin variety, as it is considered one of the closest dialects to Classical Arabic, retaining ancient phonetic and morphological features, which makes it a rich field for studying blending. In addition, the research explains the impact of environment, cultural traditions, and heritage on the formulation of blended terms with particular meanings. Thus, it concludes that blending is not merely a linguistic phenomenon, but rather a tool for linguistic innovation, cultural identity preservation, and for keeping pace with scientific, social, and technological changes.
Classical Arabic – Libyan Dialect – Derivation – Terminology Formation.
"أثر التدريب وفعاليته في التخطيط الاستراتيجي للموارد البشرية" دراسة تطبيقية على مصرف الجمهورية - فروع طرابلس - ليبيا
This study aimed to analyze the impact of training program effectiveness on enhancing strategic human resource planning at Al-Jumhouria Bank – Tripoli branches. The study employed a case study methodology and a descriptive-analytical approach. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 60 individuals holding various positions across the bank's Tripoli branches. The results demonstrated a statistically significant positive impact of training effectiveness on the quality of strategic human resource planning, with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 and a significance level of 0.000. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that training effectiveness explained 60.8% of the variance in effective strategic planning. The study concluded that strategic and systematic investment in human resource training is a pivotal factor in achieving competitive advantage and improving banking performance
Training, Strategic Planning, Human Resources, Al-Jumhouria Bank, Libya .
Determination of elements in Salvia officinalis and Polygonum equisetiforme
The elemental content of two herbs, Salvia officinalis and Polygonum equisetiforme, grown in Libyan wilderness was analysed using four different digestion methods for sample preparation. the samples. The elements which determined in these plants were Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, P, Si, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Al, Hg, Pb and Cd, measured by ICP-AES technique. The macronutrients Ca, Mg, K, Na, P and Fe represent the highest concentrations in these samples ranging from Ca which owns the highest continent to Fe with the lowest concentration. The result also exhibits the highest micronutrient composition was detected for Si, Mn and Zn respectively. The toxic element, Al, was found at high level compared to other toxic elements which could be related to environmental content. Statistical analysis (PCA, PLS-DA and HCA) data reveal that there are significant differences between water extraction method and other digestion methods. These differences could be explained by the ability of water to extract soluble salts only. Meanwhile there is a slight difference between ashing procedure and other digestion methods HNO3/H2O2 and HNO3/HClO4 methods). The results also show significant difference in terms of elemental content. For example, the samples have significant differences in the concentrations of Mn, Cu and Ni. While no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of Cr and Sn.
herbs, elements, digestion, water extract.
تأثير استعمالات الأرض على حركة النقل و المرور في مدينة صرمان للفترة من 1980 – 2024
There is significant interest in land use planning, which forms the basis for organizing and planning cities and achieving optimal use of urban land. However, Libyan cities have not received the necessary attention in studying land use and transportation, despite the importance of these uses to citizens. Throughout its history, the study area has witnessed a marked increase in all areas, such as population growth, the number and size of transportation modes, the multiplicity of activities and uses, and the complexity of life. These developments have had a clear impact on the city's structure, particularly in the functions of transportation and traffic. This development has resulted in a mixture of uses, leading to the emergence of numerous problems, particularly those related to transportation and traffic. The streets now experience numerous traffic jams, congestion, and environmental and noise pollution. The research arrives at several conclusions, the most important of which are the deterioration of the road network and the narrowness of sidewalks on many streets. There is poor planning of road intersections, a shortage and absence of parking spaces, a lack of pedestrian or bicycle lanes, and the inability of the street network to accommodate the large traffic congestion resulting from the increase in vehicle numbers. The study recommends adopting a scientific and planning approach to developing the city's road network to suit current and future traffic volume.
استعمالات الأرض، المرور ، الازدحام المروري، تصنيف الشوارع، النقل العام ، النقل الخاص.