Comprehensive Journal of Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
الإدارة العامة للمطبوعات والمصنفات الفنيةبوزارة الثقافة والمجتمع المدني
The Financial Value of Libya's Oil Reserves According to Global Oil Demand Scenarios For the Period 2024-2050
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم الاحتياطي النفطي الليبي المتبقي وقيمته الدولارية المستقبلية في ظل تقلبات أسعار النفط العالمية وتأثيرها على الاقتصاد الليبي. تستند الدراسة إلى بيانات الإنتاج النفطي التاريخية لليبيا وأسعار النفط المتوقعة من قبل منظمة أوبك. تشمل الدراسة ثلاثة سيناريوهات لأسعار النفط: السيناريو الأساس الذي يتوقع وصول الطلب على النفط إلى الذروة في عام 2032، سيناريو تغلب التكنولوجيا الذي يعكس انخفاض الطلب على النفط بعد عام 2030 بسبب تسارع استخدام بدائل الوقود الأحفوري، وسيناريو الانتكاسة التكنولوجية الذي يتوقع زيادة الطلب على النفط نتيجة تأخر التقدم التكنولوجي. يتم حساب الاحتياطي المتبقي وقيمته الدولارية سنويًا حتى عام 2050 باستخدام نماذج رياضية تعتمد على بيانات الإنتاج وأسعار النفط المتوقعة لكل سيناريو. تعتمد هذه الدراسة على منهجية كمية لتحليل البيانات وإجراء التقديرات المالية المستقبلية بهدف توفير رؤى استراتيجية تدعم الاستدامة الاقتصادية لليبيا.
Copyright (c) 2026 Comprehensive Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Foreign Language Anxiety on Speaking Performance among Libyan University EFL Learners: A Mixed-Methods Study
This study investigates the impact of foreign language anxiety (FLA) on speaking performance among Libyan university EFL learners using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 22 undergraduate students from Yefren Faculty of Education and the University of Tripoli, while qualitative insights were obtained through document analysis. The findings reveal that anxiety exerts a moderate to high negative effect on key dimensions of speaking performance. A majority of participants reported that anxiety impairs fluency (59.1%, M = 3.73) and reduces performance despite preparation (63.7%, M = 3.73), indicating disruption in real-time language processing. Anxiety also significantly affected vocabulary recall (68.2%, M = 3.77) and caused hesitation in speaking (68.2%, M = 3.77), highlighting its strong cognitive impact. In addition, learners reported reduced confidence (M = 3.64) and increased tension during presentations (68.2%, M = 3.68), reflecting the affective dimension of anxiety. Physical symptoms such as trembling and voice instability were also observed (50%, M = 3.32), confirming its physiological influence. In contrast, anxiety showed limited effects on motivation (72.8% disagreement, M = 2.27) and class avoidance (71.4% disagreement, M = 1.95), suggesting that it primarily affects performance rather than engagement. The findings further demonstrate that anxiety has a weaker impact on grammar use (M = 2.36), reinforcing the distinction between linguistic competence and performance. Overall, the study highlights the multidimensional nature of foreign language anxiety and provides empirical evidence from an under-researched context, offering important pedagogical implications for reducing anxiety and enhancing speaking performance in EFL classrooms.
Foreign Language Anxiety; Speaking Performance; EFL Learners; Libyan Context; Mixed-Methods Approach
Adaptive mmWave Communication System for Plasma Blackout Mitigation in High-Speed Space Vehicles
Communication blackout during atmospheric re-entry poses a critical challenge for space missions, where plasma sheaths attenuate or completely block conventional radio signals. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands as a solution to this persistent problem. Through numerical simulations based on first-principles plasma physics, we compare traditional S-band (2.2 GHz) with mmWave systems (32 GHz and 77 GHz) under realistic re-entry conditions. Our results demonstrate that mmWave systems experience 40-60% lower signal attenuation, maintaining reliable communication links with bit error rates below 10⁻⁶ for over 80% of the blackout period, compared to only 35% for S-band systems. The integration of adaptive equalization techniques provides additional 6-8 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio. These findings establish mmWave technology combined with advanced signal processing as a viable pathway for ensuring continuous communication during the critical re-entry phase, significantly enhancing mission safety and operational capabilities
Plasma blackout, mmWave communications, atmospheric re-entry, adaptive equalization, spacecraft communications, signal attenuation.
A Study of the Factors Influencing External Auditors' Changes in the Audit Firm Environment from the External Auditor's Perspective: A Field Study of Audit Firms Listed on the Libyan Stock Exchange.
This study aims to examine the impact of factors related to the audit firms’ environment on external auditor change in Libyan joint-stock companies from the perspective of external auditors. These factors include competition among audit firms, audit fees, auditor independence, and the regulatory and supervisory framework. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and uses a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection from a sample of external auditors. A set of statistical techniques is employed, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, one-way (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings reveal significant positive relationships between all dimensions of the audit firms’ environment and external auditor change. The regression results indicate that these factors have a statistically significant impact, with auditor independence being the most influential factor, followed by competition among audit firms, audit fees, and the regulatory framework. The results also show significant differences attributed to educational qualification, while no significant differences are found with respect to years of experience. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing auditor independence, regulating competition among audit firms, and strengthening the regulatory framework to improve audit quality and ensure stability in auditor-client relationships.
External Auditor Change, Audit Firm Environment, External Auditor, Joint-Stock Companies
Teaching Speaking Skills among EFL Students at the University of Benghazi – Al-Abyar Branch
The development of speaking skills represents a central objective in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education, particularly within higher education contexts where communicative competence is essential for academic success and professional engagement. Speaking is not merely the production of language; rather, it involves the dynamic integration of grammatical knowledge, lexical resources, pronunciation accuracy, and discourse management within real-time interaction (Harmer, 2001). Despite its importance, speaking remains one of the most challenging skills for EFL learners, especially in contexts where exposure to authentic language use is limited. Within the Libyan educational system, English language instruction has historically emphasized grammar, reading, and translation. This tradition has contributed to the development of receptive knowledge; however, it has not adequately supported the development of productive skills, particularly speaking. At the University of Benghazi – Al-Abyar Branch, many students demonstrate a noticeable gap between their knowledge of English and their ability to use the language effectively in spoken communication. This gap raises concerns regarding the effectiveness of current teaching practices and the extent to which they align with contemporary approaches to language instruction. Several contextual factors contribute to this issue. Limited exposure to English outside the classroom restricts opportunities for meaningful practice, while large class sizes reduce the likelihood of individual participation. In addition, teacher-centered instructional approaches continue to dominate many classrooms, where the focus remains on content delivery rather than student interaction. These conditions create an environment in which learners become passive recipients of knowledge rather than active participants in communication. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been widely promoted as an effective approach to address such challenges. CLT emphasizes the use of language for meaningful communication and encourages interaction through tasks such as discussions, role plays, and collaborative activities (Richards, 2008). However, the implementation of CLT in the Libyan context has often been partial or inconsistent, limiting its potential impact on students’ speaking development. This study seeks to investigate the current state of speaking instruction at the University of Benghazi – Al-Abyar Branch by exploring students’ experiences, challenges, and perceptions. Through qualitative inquiry, the study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the factors influencing speaking development and to identify pedagogical practices that can enhance oral proficiency among Libyan EFL learners.
The impact of the decline in digital libraries on quality of accounting research Evidence from faculty members at universities and higher institutes
This study aims to examine the impact of the limited availability of digital libraries and the difficulty of accessing them on the quality of accounting scientific research. The study is based on a survey conducted among faculty members at universities, colleges, and higher institutes. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect primary data, in addition to relevant secondary sources. The research problem lies in the restricted access to digital databases and the high cost of subscriptions, which negatively affects the quality of research outputs. The findings indicate a statistically significant relationship between the availability of digital libraries and the quality of accounting research. The study recommends that educational institutions should enhance access to digital libraries and provide subscriptions to scientific databases to improve research quality and reliability
"إدارة الجودة الشاملة وعلاقتها بالإبداع الوظيفي دراسة تطبيقية على كلية الاقتصاد الخمس"ـ جامعة المرقب
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management philosophythat strives to make the best use of all available resources and opportunities through specific improvement methods. For this reason, TQM forms the core strategy for business improvement. Functional creativity is also important for all organizations facing a changing competitive environment, and encouraging and promoting it has become a primary objective for many organizations. The importance of creativity has increased with the intensification of competition between organizations, especially international competition, which has increased the organization's need for creativity to avoid the risk of decline and extinction. This study aimed to identify the level of TQM practices in institutions and to determine whether there is a statistically significant effect ofprocess management, employee relations, and customer relations on functional creativity to achieve the study's objectives, the descriptive and analytical approaches, as well as a field survey, were used to collect data using the study instrument and analyze it statistically toanswer the questions and test the validity of the hypotheses. Through the results of the statistical analysis and Pearson's correlation test, it was found that there is a relationship between the dimensions of the internal audit quality variable (continuousimprovement, student focus, employee participation) and job creativity. Continuous improvement facilitates communication between the college's departments to implement total quality management. Among the study's findings, the college's departmentsuse the results of administrative performance evaluation in continuous improvement procedures. The college also maintains the practice of holding seminars and lectures to emphasize the concept of total quality management. The college is keen on training and developing employees in the field of total quality management. Moreover, the required tasks are completed on time and appropriately with minimal errors. The researcher recommended the necessity of emphasizingthe independence of internal auditors from any external influences, whether administrative or political. Internal auditors should report directly to the audit committee or the board of directors instead of following the daily operations management. To ensure that auditors possess the necessary skills and knowledge to identify gaps and improve organizational performance, continuous training programs should be provided that keep pace with the latest trends and techniques in auditing.
Quality. Total Quality Management. Job Creativity
The distinguishing characteristic of a scientifically gifted student
This study aimed to identify the distinguishing characteristics of academically gifted pupils by examining the level of these characteristics and their relationship with gender, as well as analytical, creative, and practical abilities among primary school students. The descriptive correlational method was adopted as the most appropriate approach for examining relationships among variables. The study sample consisted of (108) male and female pupils from the first three grades of primary schools in Sayyad/Janzour during the academic year 2025–2026. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method. A questionnaire directed to teachers was used as the main research instrument. It included three major dimensions: analytical ability, creative ability, and practical ability, each containing several items measuring behavioral and cognitive traits associated with academically gifted pupils. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), employing means, standard deviations, and the independent samples t-test, the results revealed that the overall level of the distinguishing characteristic among academically gifted pupils was relatively low compared with the established cutoff score of the measurement scale. Furthermore, the findings indicated no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between males and females in analytical, creative, and practical abilities. This suggests that gifted pupils share similar cognitive and behavioral characteristics regardless of gender, the study recommended early identification of academically gifted pupils and the development of specialized educational programs to support and enhance their abilities. It also emphasized the importance of teacher training in recognizing gifted characteristics, establishing specialized databases for gifted students, and providing supportive educational environments that foster analytical, creative, and practical skills to promote educational and societal development.
Academic Excellence, Gifted Pupils, Analytical Ability, Creative Ability, Practical Ability, Talent, Primary Education, Educational Measurement
Abdelwahab Abdulhamid Mohamed Nour Eldin
This research aims to examine the relationship between visual arts and visual perception as an interactive relationship based on the integration between the visual structure of the artwork and the perceptual process of the receiver. Visual arts organize visual elements such as line, color, mass, and space to create an aesthetic structure open to interpretation, while visual perception plays a key role in receiving, organizing, and interpreting these elements based on cognitive and visual experience. The study adopts the descriptive approach, focusing on related literature and previous studies. The results indicate that the relationship between visual arts and visual perception is complementary, where visual organization guides perception, and perception determines the level of aesthetic appreciation and understanding of the artwork, also showing that differences in visual experience lead to multiple readings of the same artwork.
visual arts, visual perception, artistic composition, aesthetic appreciation, visual thinking
"Shaping heritage identity in visual arts and interior design"
This research examines the formulation of heritage identity in visual arts and interior design as a topic related to the study of cultural heritage presence in contemporary artistic and design practices. The study is based on the importance of heritage identity as a reflection of the cultural specificity of societies, represented through visual and symbolic elements expressed in artistic works and interior spaces. The research aims to describe the manifestation of heritage identity in visual arts and interior design by tracing the forms of employing heritage elements such as ornaments, symbols, materials, and colors derived from the local environment, and how they appear in contemporary artistic and design production, without interpretation or analysis, but through a descriptive presentation of the phenomenon. The study adopts the descriptive approach, which focuses on describing phenomena as they exist in reality, based on relevant literature and previous studies. It shows that heritage identity appears in visual arts through visual compositions inspired by heritage, and in interior design through the integration of traditional elements within spaces reflecting cultural identity. The study concludes that heritage identity is a visible element in both visual arts and interior design, expressed through various forms of utilization that enhance cultural identity within contemporary contexts.
Heritage identity, visual arts, interior design, cultural heritage, visual expression, traditional ornaments, contemporary design.
كان و أخواتها: دراسة نحويّة و دلاليّة في ضوء الاستعمال العربي
يتناول هذا البحث ظاهرة كان و أخواتها بوصفها من أبرز الأفعال النّاسخة في النّحو العربي حيث تؤدي دورا مهما في تغيير بنية الجملة الاسميّة و دلالتها،و يهدف البحث إلى تحليل هذه الأفعال من حيث وظائفها النّحويّة،و دلالتها الزّمنيّة و المعنويّة مع بيان الفروق الدّقيقة بينها من خلال الشّواهد القرآنيّة و الشّعريّة،و قد اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التّحليلي،و خلُص إلى أنّ هذه الأفعال لا تقتصر على الدّلالة الزّمنيّة،إنّما تتجاوزها إلى معانٍ متعدّدة.
كان،الأفعال النّاسخة،الجملة الاسميّة،النّحو العربيّ،الدّلالة
الأمية المنهجية في الأطروحات الجامعية: قراءة سوسيولوجية في تحديات البحث العلمي
This paper addresses methodological illiteracy in university dissertations through a sociological perspective, considering it one of the major issues affecting the quality of scientific research in higher education institutions. The study is based on the assumption that methodological weakness in theses and dissertations is not merely an individual shortcoming on the part of some researchers, but rather reflects a broader academic and institutional imbalance related to methodological training, academic supervision, university environment, research facilities, and the prevailing academic culture. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical approach within a theoretical analytical framework, while employing a critical sociological perspective to interpret the phenomenon and connect it to its institutional and academic context. The findings indicate that methodological illiteracy appears in conceptual and design-related forms, such as weak formulation of the research problem, confusion between research questions, hypotheses, and objectives, and deficiencies in building the theoretical framework and reviewing previous studies. It also appears in procedural and analytical forms, including confusion between method and instrument, weak sampling and data collection procedures, and deficiencies in data analysis and interpretation of results. In addition, the study identifies writing-related and ethical manifestations, such as weak academic writing, poor scientific documentation, breaches of research ethics, and a formalistic tendency in completing university theses. The study concludes that methodological illiteracy negatively affects the quality of university dissertations, weakens the credibility of scientific knowledge, and limits the university’s role in serving society. It further emphasizes that reducing this phenomenon requires improving research training, activating scientific supervision and methodological evaluation, and building a university culture that supports research integrity and quality.
Methodological illiteracy, university dissertations, scientific research, methodological training, academic supervision, research quality, research integrity, sociological reading.
The knowledge Management and its Impact on Improving Employees Performance. (A field study on Technical Education Institutions in Bani Walid)
The aim of this study to identify the impact of knowledge management on improving employees performance through a field study conducted on technical education institutions in the city of Bani Walid. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach,and a questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection from a sample of 30 employees. There are four main dimensions of knowledge management this study examined, namely: knowledge creation, knowledge application, knowledge sharing, and knowledge storage, and measured their impact on improving employees performance. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between knowledge management and the improvement of employees performance, as knowledge management practices contribute positively to enhancing performance efficiency, promoting creativity,and improving decision making processes within the organization. The results also showed that managements encouragement of employee innovation, support for a culture of knowledge application, strengthening communication and information exchange among employees, and attention to knowledge storage are all factors that lead to improved job performance. The study recommended the necessity of enhancing the implementation of knowledge management within institutions, supporting employees both financially and morally, establishing specialized knowledge management units, and encouraging continuous training and knowledge exchange, in a way that contributes to achieving institutional excellence
ابتكـــــــار المعـــــــــــــــــرفة - تطبيــــــــــــــــــــــــق المعــــــــــــــرفة - مشـــــــاركـــــة المعــــــــــــــــــــرفة - تخــــــــــــــــــــــــــــزين المعـــــــــــــــرفة
أثر التكامل بين التسويق والإدارة في جودة اتخاذ القرارات داخل المؤسسات. دراسة تطبيقية على المشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة في ليبيا
This study aimed to analyze the impact of integration between marketing and management on improving the quality of decision-making within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Libya. It examined the relationship between information sharing, joint planning, and the implementation of activities between the two departments. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and data were collected באמצעות a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 50 employees working in SMEs. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicated a high level of reliability and validity of the measurement instrument. They also revealed a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between the dimensions of integration between marketing and management and the quality of decision-making. Furthermore, the findings showed that the level of integration between marketing and management was moderate, with some relative weaknesses in certain aspects, particularly in continuous coordination between top management and the marketing department. The hypothesis testing results confirmed the presence of a statistically significant effect of integration in information sharing, strategic planning, and activity implementation between marketing and management on the quality of decision-making within the studied organizations. The study recommended enhancing integration among different departments, developing decision support systems, and increasing reliance on marketing information in decision-making processes, thereby contributing to improved organizational performance efficiency and increased competitiveness of SMEs
Political activities of German travelers in Libya during the 19th century: Gerhard Rohlfs (1831 – 1896) as an example
During the nineteenth century, Libya witnessed the arrival of large numbers of European travelers, and German travelers in particular had a distinctive presence. These trips were launched from multiple motives: scientific, religious, and political. Despite the German travelers concealing their political motives; However, it seems clear, especially since the sixties of the nineteenth century, and the political activity of German travelers in Libya seems more clear to (Gerhard Rohlfs), in particular, who carried out extensive exploratory activity in Libya during the period between 1864 and 1879, and he also continued his interest in Libya even after this date. Even remotely, through the proposals he was presenting to the German government.
Germany - Tripoli - Libya - Political Motives - Rohlfs
"The interrelationship between interior design elements and architectural rendering"
This research aims to examine the relationship between interior design elements and architectural expression in contemporary architecture by describing the nature of their interconnection within architectural space formation. The study adopts a descriptive approach, focusing on observing phenomena as they exist in reality without analytical or interpretive intervention, and relies on relevant academic sources and literature. The findings indicate that the relationship between interior design and architectural expression is characterized by an integrative nature, where each supports the other within the architectural system, resulting in more coherent spatial environments in terms of both function and aesthetics. The study also reveals a contemporary architectural trend toward reducing the separation between interior and exterior spaces, enhancing spatial and visual continuity within buildings. Overall, the research emphasizes the importance of understanding this relationship as an integrated system that contributes to improving architectural design quality and reflects the evolution of architectural thought toward a more holistic approach to spatial composition.
Interior Design, Architectural Expression, Architectural Space, Contemporary Architecture, Design Integration.
Morphological Vowel Alteration and Its Effect on Arabic Word Structure A Morphological Analysis of Surat Al-Zukhruf
This study examines the phenomenon of vowel alteration (iʿlāl) in Surat Al-Zukhruf, considering it one of the prominent phonological and morphological features of the Arabic language. This phenomenon manifests through systematic modifications of weak letters—namely substitution, deletion, and transposition—governed by established phonological and morphological rules and recurrent patterns. Such processes reflect the flexibility of Arabic morphological structure and highlight the aesthetic qualities of the linguistic system in achieving both rhythmic and semantic harmony. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, which is well suited to the objectives of the research. Instances of vowel alteration were identified, classified, and analyzed according to their specific morphological forms, enabling the detection of underlying patterns and the elucidation of their role in shaping the phonological and morphological structure of the Qur’anic text. The research is guided by several key questions, most notably: What types of vowel alteration occur in the words of Surat Al-Zukhruf, and which of these types are most prevalent within its verses? The findings reveal that vowel alteration occurs in thirty-five verses of Surat Al-Zukhruf, with substitution appearing in fifteen verses, deletion in twenty-two verses, and transposition in four verses. These results underscore the aesthetic and semantic significance of vowel alteration, as it contributes to rhythmic coherence, facilitates ease of articulation in Arabic words, and reflects the adaptability of the Arabic morphological system to phonological and contextual demands. Accordingly, the study demonstrates that examining vowel alteration in Surat Al-Zukhruf sheds light on an aspect of the Qur’an’s linguistic inimitability, wherein form and meaning converge within a unique linguistic framework that combines morphological precision with phonetic elegance.
Morphology, Vowel Alteration (Iʿlāl), Weak Letters, Surat Al-Zukhruf
Theoretical Framework and Practical Application of Risk-Based Auditing Methodology: A Case Study at Zawiya Oil Refining Company
Given that the value of the audit process lies in the parties' confidence in the financial statements and their freedom from errors, which is the aim of the strategy underpinning the risk-based audit approach, this study seeks to enable the auditor, upon completion of the audit process, to issue a sound and useful opinion on the financial statements. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the theoretical background, the philosophy of thought, and the practical requirements for applying the risk-based audit approach. The general strategy of the risk-based audit approach aims to enable the auditor to provide a sound and useful opinion on the financial statements, directly translating to lower risks and higher benefits at an economic cost. The strategy developed for applying this approach requires the auditor to first form impressions and issue professional judgments on several vital issues that represent the pillars upon which the application of this approach is based. This is precisely where the risk lies: the auditor's potential failure to detect a material misstatement in financial information. This failure can stem from a lack of planning and supervision, or from improvisation during the audit process. Such failures can lead to time pressures and procedural bottlenecks within the auditor's office and the entity being audited. Another risk arises from insufficient competence among those performing the audit, coupled with a reluctance to cooperate, resulting in negligence or dereliction of duty. Consequently, errors of omission and omission of information become more common.
Risk-based auditing approach, audit risk, materiality, material misstatement
التطور الحديث لسلطات القاضي الإداري في مواجهة الإدارة
The recognition of the principle allowing the administrative judge to issue orders to administrative authorities, as well as granting the judge the power to impose coercive fines (astringe) on such authorities, constitutes one of the most significant modern developments in the powers of the administrative judiciary in confronting the administration. These powers were established by the French Council of State, enabling the administrative judge to effectively confront the administration after his authority had long been constrained by the prohibition on directing orders to administrative bodies, in application of the principle of separation of powers. This development has become one of the most important guarantees available to the administrative judge in dealing with the administration, aiming to ensure the enforcement of judicial rulings and to compel the administration to comply therewith, as well as to curb abuses of administrative authority and the administration’s refusal to execute judicial decisions rendered against it. This guarantee is further embodied in the administrative judge’s authority to impose coercive fines on administrative bodies in order to compel compliance with judicial judgments issued against them. Such authority constitutes a constitutional and judicial safeguard for individuals vis-à-vis the executive power, and an effective mechanism for upholding the principle of legality and the rule of law.
A Study of the Bonding Properties Between Rubber Concrete and Reinforcing Steel
Proper bonding between concrete and rebar is crucial, and due to the problems caused by rubber tire waste and the significant environmental problems it causes, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on the addition of recycled rubber from tires in concrete mixtures and its effect on the bonding properties between concrete and rebar. This research deals with the study of the bond between rubber concrete and rebar, with the aim of evaluating the effect of the use of rubber and treated rubber on the performance of concrete. The study includes the preparation of a reference mixture, a mixture containing 30% rubber as a partial substitute for fine aggregates, in addition to a mixture containing 30% rubber treated with cement mortar as a partial substitute for fine aggregates. The ratio of water to cement was constant in all mixtures (w/c = 0.4).Different diameters of rebar (10, 12, 14) mm were used to study the effect of rebar diameter on bonding with rubber concrete. Mechanical tests were conducted for the concrete, including compressive strength testing, indirect tensile strength testing and drag testing. The results of this research showed that adding rubber to concrete leads to a reduction in the compressive resistance and bonding strength of concrete with rebar. The results also showed that the treatment of rubber with cement mortar showed a slight improvement in these properties compared to untreated rubber. The reference mixture was the best in terms of performance and it was concluded that the lower the diameter of the rebar, the greater the cohesion stress between it and the rubber concrete.
Rubberized concrete Recycled tires Reinforcing steel (Rebar) Bond strength between concrete and reinforcement Compressive strength Indirect tensile strength Pull-out test Fine aggregate replacement Cement mortar treatment of rubber Sustainable concrete
Preventive Legitimate Defense: A Study in Legality and Limits
This study addresses the concept of anticipatory self-defense in international law by analyzing its legality and legal limits in light of the rules of contemporary international law. It aims to clarify the legal framework governing Article 51, which affirms the right of states to self-defense in the event of an armed attack, as an exception to the principle of the prohibition of the use of force set forth in Article(2/4) . The study also examines the doctrinal and legal debate surrounding anticipatory self-defense, between a restrictive view that rejects this concept due to its inconsistency with the provisions of the Charter, and a permissive view that recognizes its applicability in cases of extreme necessity and imminent threat, as well as reviewing state practice related to this form of self-defense.
فاعلية برنامج للتمرينات النوعية في تحسين الأداء الفني لمهارة القفز بالزانة لدى طلبة السنة الثالثة بكلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة – جامعة الزاوية
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a specific exercises training program in improving the technical performance of pole vault among third-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Zawia. The experimental method was employed using a pre–post design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control). A total of 24 students were randomly assigned into two equal groups (12 students each). The experimental group followed the proposed specific exercises program, while the control group received the traditional instructional program. Data collection tools included a technical performance evaluation form, digital performance measurement (vault height), and selected physical fitness tests related to pole vault performance. Statistical treatments included mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, and t-test for independent and paired samples, The results revealed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-tests for the experimental group in both technical performance and digital achievement in favor of the post-test. Significant differences were also found between the two groups in the post-test in favor of the experimental group. Improvement percentages indicated a clear superiority of the experimental group compared to the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed training program, The study concluded that specific exercises significantly enhance technical performance quality and positively affect digital achievement in pole vault. It recommended integrating such training programs within physical education curricula.
Specific exercises, Pole vault, Technical performance, Sports training, Physical education students
القيادة التحويلية والرضا الوظيفي والعلاقة بينهما مراجعة الأدبيات
تستعرض هذه الورقة البحثية العلاقة بين القيادة التحويلية ورضا الموظفين الوظيفي، بالاعتماد على الأدبيات النظرية والتجريبية المتاحة. تتميز القيادة التحويلية بأربعة مكونات رئيسية: التأثير المثالي (الكاريزما)، والاعتبار الفردي، والتحفيز الفكري، والدافع الإلهامي. يُعرّف الرضا الوظيفي بأنه حالة عاطفية إيجابية تنبع من تقدير الموظف لعمله وخبراته المهنية. تظهر المراجعة وجود علاقة إيجابية وذات دلالة إحصائية بين القيادة التحويلية ورضا الموظفين عبر سياقات متنوعة، بما في ذلك التعليم العالي والرعاية الصحية والخدمات المصرفية والضيافة والمنظمات غير الربحية. كما تم تحديد آليات وسيطة مثل فعالية الفريق والتمكين والثقافة التنظيمية. تستنتج المراجعة أن القيادة التحويلية تعزز الرضا الوظيفي من خلال تلبية توقعات المرؤوسين، وتوفير الدعم الفردي، وتعزيز الإبداع والابتكار، وإيصال رؤية واضحة ومقنعة للمنظمة.
The role of dynamic smart lighting in shaping the mood and functionality of interior spaces Contemporary
Lighting is a fundamental element of interior design, influencing the form and function of spaces, as well as the psychological and emotional atmosphere of users. With technological advancements, smart, dynamic lighting systems have emerged, allowing for control over light intensity, color, and timing to align with user needs and the nature of the activity. This study aims to explore the impact of smart, dynamic lighting on the mood and functional performance of users in contemporary residential, educational, and administrative spaces, focusing on the balance between aesthetics, functionality, and psychological comfort. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing tools such as questionnaires and field observations, and descriptive and statistical data analysis to compare spaces equipped with smart lighting with traditional spaces. The results demonstrated that smart, dynamic lighting improves mood, increases focus and productivity, reduces eye strain, and enhances visual comfort. It also highlights architectural elements and adds aesthetic appeal to spaces. Furthermore, the study revealed a gap between the technical capabilities of smart lighting and its practical application, underscoring the need for its systematic integration to achieve a healthy, comfortable, and functional indoor environment.
Dynamic Smart Lighting, Interior Spaces, User Experience.
Psychological Abuse of Individuals with Down Syndrome and its Social Impact on Mothers
This study examined the impact of psychological abuse directed at children with intellectual disabilities (Down syndrome) on mothers’ social well-being. A descriptive-analytical approach was used on a sample of 40 mothers through a questionnaire analyzed using SPSS. Results indicated that the level of psychological abuse was very low, while the social impact on mothers was moderate. A significant correlation was found between psychological abuse and certain aspects of social interaction and stigma. No statistically significant differences were found due to demographic variables.
Psychological abuse, Down syndrome, intellectual disability, social impact, mothers, social support
Social Responsibility of Faculty Members in Colleges of Education and its Relationship to Academic Performance: A Case Study of Al-Zawiya University
This study aimed to determine the level of social responsibility and academic performance among faculty members at the Faculty of Education, Zuwara - University of Zawia, and to explore the nature of the correlational relationship and predictive power between them. To achieve this, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical correlational approach. It was applied to a random sample of (42) faculty members, representing approximately 41% of the original population of (101). A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool after verifying its validity and reliability. Field results revealed a "high" level of social responsibility practice, with an arithmetic mean of (4.192). Commitment to instilling national values, protecting social heritage, and community reform emerged at the forefront of academic concerns with a "very high" rating. Regarding the correlational aspect, the results of simple linear regression analysis proved the existence of a statistically significant positive relationship (0.023) between the two variables. This confirms that social responsibility acts as a "performance driver," contributing (12.3%) to explaining the variance in the level of academic performance. The study concluded that a university professor’s awareness of their role toward society instinctively drives them to improve their teaching, research, and supervisory practices. Accordingly, the study recommended the necessity of enhancing the culture of social responsibility and integrating its standards into annual performance evaluation forms for academics, while working to overcome organizational and administrative obstacles that may hinder the optimal activation of the university professor's societal role.
Social Responsibility, Academic Performance, Faculty Members, Faculty of Education Zuwara
"The impact of World War II on modern Europe"
economic, and social transformations that reshaped the continent after 1945. The war led to the collapse of much of Europe’s infrastructure and the weakening of traditional political powers, paving the way for a new international order based on bipolarity between the United States and the Soviet Union. It also redrew Europe’s political map, dividing it into Eastern and Western blocs, while reconstruction programs such as the Marshall Plan played a crucial role in economic recovery. Socially and culturally, the war brought significant demographic changes and shifts in societal values, contributing to the emergence of concepts such as the welfare state, human rights, and European integration. The study concludes that World War II was a decisive turning point in shaping modern Europe.
World War II, Modern Europe, Reconstruction, Bipolar System, Marshall Plan, European Integration, Cold War.
"The evolution of education in Europe from the Middle Ages to the modern era"
This research examines the development of education in Europe from the Middle Ages to the modern era, highlighting the profound transformations in educational philosophy, institutions, and functions. During the Middle Ages, education was dominated by the Church and characterized by a religious and elitist nature. The Renaissance introduced intellectual openness, restoring the value of human-centered learning and expanding the scope of knowledge. In the modern era, education became a structured institutional system under state supervision, emphasizing mass education, curriculum development, and alignment with scientific and technological progress. The study concludes that the evolution of education in Europe resulted from complex interactions among religious, intellectual, political, and social factors, significantly shaping modern European society.
Education, Europe, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Modern education, Church, State, Humanities, Educational development.
The Role of Environmental Accounting in Measuring and Managing Resource Flows and Achieving Sustainability (A Modern and Future Perspective Towards a Circular Economy in Libya)
This research explores the pivotal role that environmental accounting plays in measuring and managing resource flows as a fundamental requirement for achieving sustainability and transitioning towards a circular economic model in Libya. Given the escalating environmental challenges and economic pressures facing developing nations, there is an urgent need to develop sophisticated accounting systems that transcend the traditional boundaries of financial accounting. The study focuses on developing a proposed accounting framework that seamlessly integrates circular economy principles with environmental accounting tools, thereby enabling Libyan companies to accurately measure resource efficiency, significantly reduce waste generation, and tangibly achieve sustainable development objectives. Through a comprehensive and critical review of contemporary scientific literature alongside an examination of global best practices, this paper presents profound practical insights into how environmental accounting can serve as a strategic transformative tool for achieving sustainability within the specific economic and institutional context of Libya.
Environmental Accounting, Circular Economy, Resource Flow Management, Sustainability, Libya, Environmental Costs
The Social Image of the Physical Education Teacher and its Impact on Job Performance
This study aimed to determine the extent to which the social image of the physical education teacher affects their job performance and to identify the most important aspects surrounding the physical education teacher that may influence their performance. Teaching is a demanding profession with many variables. The teacher's role is not limited to simply preparing and implementing the teaching process, but extends to the necessity of keeping up with various scientific and technological developments and being familiar with the latest methods and techniques. The current study derives its importance from the concept it examines: the social image of the physical education teacher and its influence on society, to the extent that it contributes positively or negatively to their job performance, ultimately leading to the development of the individual's personality in order to create a generation capable of contributing to the educational development of society. The study concluded that the teacher enjoys appreciation and respect in society, which reflects the culture and development of the society, and that the teacher is viewed as having a mission and an active role in building society.
Social Image - Teacher - Physical Education - Job Performance