Comprehensive Journal of Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review. The Comprehensive Journal of Science is a fully Open Access scientific journal, meaning all of its content is freely available without charge to the user or their institution. Readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles without seeking prior permission from the publisher or the author. Copyright and Licensing: The journal and the authors retain copyright, and all published articles are subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows others to share, adapt, and build upon the work, provided that the original work is properly attributed to its creators (the authors and the journal) and any changes made to it are clearly indicated.
Higher Institute of Science and Technology, Regdaleen
Values of Tolerance and Acceptance of Others in Libyan Society: A Socio-Anthropological Study in the City of Zuwarah
This study aimed to identify the level of tolerance and acceptance of others within the local community of Zuwara and to explore the nature of the social practices associated with these values. It also sought to analyze the cultural and social factors influencing their formation, considering tolerance as one of the fundamental pillars for achieving social cohesion and managing diversity within pluralistic societies. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, as it was deemed the most appropriate for the nature of the research. Data were collected using three main instruments: a questionnaire, interviews, and document analysis. These tools enabled a comprehensive examination of the various dimensions of tolerance and acceptance of others within the local context. The findings focused on several key dimensions, including respect for diversity, social coexistence, interaction with others, and the rejection of exclusion. Furthermore, the study highlighted the impact of contemporary social and cultural transformations on reshaping these values and practices within the community.
Tolerance, Acceptance of Others, Social Values, Social Change, Local Culture, Zuwara City.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Imposing the hijab and religious beliefs on children
This study examines the imposition of the hijab and religious convictions on children, focusing on their religious, educational, and social dimensions. It aims to clarify the concept of hijab in Islam, identify its meanings in selected religions, and analyze how introducing it to girls affects their psychological and social awareness. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical method and is organized into three sections addressing the religious dimension of hijab, its symbolism in religions, and the role of the family and school in religious upbringing. The findings indicate that Islamic texts do not prescribe a fixed age for wearing the hijab; rather, the religious obligation is associated with puberty. Gradual preparation should therefore be based on dialogue, positive role models, and persuasion. The study also concludes that early coercion may produce negative psychological effects, whereas balanced guidance can strengthen religious identity and self-esteem. It emphasizes respecting the characteristics of childhood and linking hijab to conviction and love rather than fear and punishment.
Hijab, Children, Religious Upbringing, Family, Religious Identity.
Patient Appointment Booking Platform at Al-Salam Medical Hospital - Al-Jameel
This project aims to develop a modern electronic platform for scheduling patient appointments at Al-Salam Hospital in Al-Jameel, in order to improve and facilitate administrative procedures within the hospital. The platform enables patients to create their own accounts, book appointments with specialized doctors, as well as modify or cancel appointments easily without the need for a personal visit to the hospital. The platform also provides reminder notifications via text messages or email to ensure patients adhere to their appointments. It also allows management and doctors to monitor their schedules and organize work effectively, which reduces congestion and improves the utilization of available resources. The system was designed using advanced software technologies that ensure ease of use, security, and compatibility with various smart devices. This project is an important step towards digitization and improving the quality of healthcare services within the hospital, as it contributes to speeding up service delivery and reducing administrative errors, which positively reflects on both patients and staff.
Al-Ishbāʿ according to Ibn Jinnī (d. 392 AH) through his book Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ
It appears that the early scholars of Arabic in the fourth century AH paid considerable attention to the details of comprehensive linguistic issues in the field of phonetic study and research. Among them was the eminent linguist Ibn Jinnī, who died in 392 AH. In this study, I chose to examine his view on one linguistic phenomenon, namely vowel lengthening / saturation (al-Ishbāʿ), which is one of the phonetic terms he discussed in his works, especially Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ. The study revealed the depth and accuracy of his phonetic insight, which forms part of his broader vision of the origins of language, its general system, and its underlying secrets. This reflects Ibn Jinnī’s great care and interest in studying phonetic phenomena and related issues. The research concludes with a summary of the most important points discussed, highlighting the linguistic expansion of the topic and clarifying its main findings.
Saturation – Prolongation – Vowel Lengthening.
Assessment of Hepatorenal Biomarkers and Functional Compensation in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Northwest Libya
Clinical laboratory surveillance of baseline biochemical parameters serves as a pivotal, non-invasive diagnostic avenue to monitor cellular cytotoxicity, assess the physiological progression of malignancy, and detect secondary systemic stress prior to overt clinical manifestation. ​Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate pathophysiological and enzymatic changes associated with the clinical course of hepatocellular carcinoma. Specifically, it explored the biochemical interdependence between hepatic degradation and renal clearance pathways, elucidated the phenomenon of subclinical functional compensation, and studied the clinical effects of age and gender on important laboratory profiles such as hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT) and renal clearance indices (creatinine and urea). ​Methodology: A cross-sectional laboratory-based study was conducted over a four-month period (February to May 2026). Clinical and laboratory datasets were compiled from confirmed HCC cases across major regional oncology centers. Statistical analysis was executed using SPSS, utilizing descriptive indices, independent t-tests, effect size (Cohen's d) calculations, and Pearson’s correlation matrix to detect statistically significant variations and evaluate biochemical interdependencies associated with tumor dynamics. Results: Hepatic enzyme panels demonstrated highly statistically significant elevations, with Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) exhibiting the most substantial biological effect size in response to micro biliary obstructions and tumor mass dynamics. Crucially, Pearson’s correlation matrix unveiled a potent, statistically significant positive relationship coupling hepatic enzymatic surges (AST and ALT) with increased renal markers (Urea and Creatinine). Conversely, a critical clinical paradox was recorded, wherein a substantial sub cohort of patients maintained routine biomarkers within established reference intervals despite advanced malignancy. Conclusion: This study underscores that the progression of HCC induces selective enzymatic surges, alongside a subclinical metabolic strain on renal clearance that represents the subclinical onset of hepatorenal syndrome. Furthermore, the extensive functional reserve of both the liver and kidneys frequently induces a state of deceptive laboratory stability. Consequently, isolated reliance on baseline laboratory profiles without radiological correlation can result in a misleading clinical interpretation that delays prognosis, highlighting the clinical necessity of multi-parametric diagnostic surveillance. The study recommends the necessity of conducting future research encompassing larger samples and comparisons across different stages of the disease (early, intermediate, and advanced) to identify the "tipping point" at which the functional compensation of vital organs collapses.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Hepatorenal Interdependence, Functional Compensation, Tumor Dynamics.
أثر التحول الرقمي في تحقيق الاستدامة الاقتصادية بمؤسسات التعليم العالي: دراسة ميدانية على أعضاء هيئة التدريس والموظفين بكليات الاقتصاد بجامعة الزاوية
This study aimed to identify the impact of digital transformation on enhancing economic sustainability in the Faculties of Economics at the University of Zawia (Faculty of Economics Al-Ajeelat and Faculty of Economics Zawia) through a field study targeting faculty members and employees. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed to measure the level of digital transformation implementation and its contribution to achieving economic sustainability within the faculties. The study examined the dimensions of digital transformation, represented by digital infrastructure, electronic services, digital competencies, and cybersecurity. It also addressed the dimensions of economic sustainability, including cost rationalization, performance efficiency, service quality, and optimal utilization of resources. The study concluded that the level of digital transformation implementation and economic sustainability in the Faculties of Economics at the University of Zawia was high. The results revealed a positive and statistically significant impact of digital transformation on enhancing economic sustainability, explaining (61%) of the variation in economic sustainability. Furthermore, all dimensions of digital transformation had a significant effect on economic sustainability. The study recommended developing digital infrastructure, expanding electronic services, enhancing digital competencies, and strengthening cybersecurity measures. It also emphasized the importance of employing digital transformation to improve resource utilization efficiency and achieve economic sustainability, while encouraging further studies in this field.
Digital Transformation, Economic Sustainability, Faculty Members and Employees, University of Zawia, Faculties of Economics
Seed-borne plant diseases and methods of control
Healthy seeds play a pivotal role in ensuring robust crop yield and overall plant health. Seed health testing is conducted to detect the presence or absence of insect infestations and seed-borne pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The most detrimental impact of seed-borne pathogens lies in the contamination of previously disease-free areas and the introduction of novel plant diseases. Sowing contaminated or infected seeds not only facilitates the dissemination of pathogens, but can also severely reduce yield by 15% to 90%. Some of the major seed-borne diseases adversely affecting cereal, oilseed, pulse, and vegetable production—particularly under the warm, humid conditions prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions—include blast and brown spot of rice, white tip nematode, ear cockle of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, downy mildew, smuts, head rot, seedling blight, anthracnose, halo blight, and various viral diseases. Therefore, the accurate detection of seed-borne pathogens (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) represents a paramount preventive measure to ensure disease-free crops. It is well established that utilizing infected or pathogen-bearing seeds yields a significantly high probability of producing diseased plants and compromised crop performance.
Assessing the Efficiency of Infrastructure Services and Their Impact on Urban Development in Al-Asabaa City: An Analytical Geographical Study
This study aimed to assess the efficiency of infrastructure services in Al-Asabaa City and examine their capacity to meet residents’ needs and support urban development. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach supported by field investigation and geographical analysis. Data were collected through a questionnaire, interviews, and direct observation. The study population consisted of approximately 65,960 residents according to 2020 population data, from which a proportionate stratified random sample of 500 respondents was selected across the city’s local districts. Infrastructure efficiency was examined through six dimensions: roads and transportation, drinking water services, sanitation and stormwater drainage, electricity and public lighting, solid waste management, and sidewalks and pedestrian paths. Urban development was measured through indicators related to quality of life, accessibility, spatial equity, orderly urban expansion, and environmental sustainability. The findings revealed clear spatial and service-level disparities. Major deficiencies were identified in unpaved roads, public transportation, sanitation, stormwater drainage, street lighting in peripheral areas, and solid waste management, whereas household electricity services were rated relatively acceptable. The study also indicated a positive relationship between infrastructure efficiency and urban development, confirming that improving infrastructure services is essential for enhancing quality of life, supporting balanced urban growth, and achieving more equitable and sustainable service distribution. The study recommended upgrading road, water, and electricity networks, establishing integrated sanitation and stormwater drainage systems, improving public transportation and waste management, and employing geographic information systems in infrastructure planning.
Infrastructure Service Efficiency, Urban Development, Spatial Distribution, Al-Asabaa City, Urban Planning, Geographic Information Systems
Environmental Dimension of Renewable Energy Exploitation in Libya
This study aims to assess the environmental dimension of exploiting renewable energy in Libya and its role in achieving sustainable development by 2040. Currently, Libya relies almost entirely on fossil fuels for electricity generation, which contributes to environmental pollution, climate change, and rising production costs. In contrast, Libya possesses enormous potential for solar and wind energy due to its location within the solar belt and the presence of vast desert areas, qualifying it to become a regional leader in clean energy. The study employed an inductive, analytical, and statistical approach through a review of previous studies, questionnaire distribution, field visits, and interviews with experts and relevant stakeholders. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and carbon and water footprint indicators were also used to evaluate the environmental impacts of different electricity generation technologies. The results indicate that photovoltaic solar and wind energy have the lowest environmental impacts compared to natural gas and diesel. While natural gas emits 490 g CO2/kWh and consumes 1.5–2.3 m³/MWh of water, solar energy produces only 48 g CO2/kWh and consumes 0.02 m³/MWh primarily for panel washing. Modeling results for a scenario of adding 5 GW of solar capacity with an 18% capacity factor show a potential reduction of 6.5 million tons of CO2 emissions per year and water savings of approximately 12 million m³ per year compared to air-cooled gas power plants. However, the main negative impact is the requirement for large land areas estimated at 0.8 hectares/MW, and the future challenge of managing solar panel waste after their 25-year operational lifetime. The study identified strengths such as the strategic geographic location, high solar irradiation and wind speeds, availability of land, and growing electricity demand. The main barriers include fossil fuel subsidies, weak legislation, and lack of political will. Statistical analysis confirmed the validity of the study hypotheses at a 95% confidence level, demonstrating that investment in renewable energy represents the cleanest and most sustainable solution to address fossil fuel depletion and its environmental and economic risks. The study recommends adopting IFC Environmental and Social Standards, establishing a national system for solar panel collection and recycling, designating protected areas excluded from project development, and urgently issuing binding legislation to support renewable energy. Real political will is also essential to expand clean energy systems in Libya.
Renewable Energy, Libya, Life Cycle Assessment, Carbon Footprint, Water Footprint, Sustainable Development.
Spatial and Strategic Analysis of Desert Tourism in Libya and its Role in Achieving Sustainable Development (A GIS-Based Approach and SWOT Analysis)
This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of desert tourism destinations in Libya and evaluate their development potential using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), spatial analysis, SWOT analysis, and the TOWS matrix. The study examines the spatial distribution of natural and cultural tourism resources, evaluates the role of air transport networks in improving accessibility, and develops a spatial suitability model based on the Weighted Overlay technique to identify priority areas for sustainable tourism development. The findings reveal significant spatial disparities in the distribution and suitability of desert tourism destinations. Areas with the highest development potential are concentrated in major desert centers, whereas limited accessibility and inadequate infrastructure constrain tourism development in many other locations. The study demonstrates that integrating GIS-based spatial analysis with strategic planning tools provides an effective framework for supporting decision-making, prioritizing tourism investment, and promoting sustainable desert tourism development in Libya.
Desert Tourism; Geographic Information Systems (GIS); Spatial Analysis; Spatial Suitability; Accessibility; Air Transport; Sustainable Tourism Development; Libya
Art Education and its Role in Developing Creativity and Cultural Identity among Learners
This research aims to highlight the importance of art education and its pedagogical role in the educational process by clarifying the relationship between art and education, specifically in fostering creativity and strengthening the cultural identity of learners. The study explores the objectives of art education within schools and its role in developing innovative thinking and shaping the student's personality across psychological, social, and aesthetic dimensions. Furthermore, it addresses the role of the art teacher in guiding artistic experiences and building creative capabilities. The study also discusses the importance of assessment in art education as a tool for educational development and improving learning outcomes. In light of modern pedagogical trends, the research emphasizes the role of art education in achieving educational quality through the diversification of teaching methods and the promotion of comprehensive and integrated learning
اﻟﺗرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ - ﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻹﺑداع - اﻟﮭوﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﯾﺔ -اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻣﯾن
Implications of Applying the Theory of Exceptional Circumstances
This study examined the consequences of applying the theory of exceptional circumstances and its impact on the principles of legality and separation of powers. It adopted an inductive approach, incorporating analytical and deductive methods, alongside a comparative examination of judicial precedents in France, Egypt, and Libya. The study found that exceptional circumstances grant the executive authority broader powers than those available under normal conditions, allowing it to adopt measures that may depart from ordinary legal rules or overlap with legislative and judicial functions, provided that such measures aim to protect the state, preserve public order, and confront an existing threat. However, these powers should not result in unjustified restrictions on individual rights and freedoms. The study recommended enacting Libyan legislation regulating exceptional circumstances and states of emergency, strengthening judicial oversight, accelerating appeal and compensation procedures, and maintaining a proper balance between the public interest and individual safeguards
Exceptional Circumstances, Principle of Legality, Separation of Powers, Executive Authority, Judicial Oversight, Rights and Freedoms.
Libya's Geographical Location and its Impact on its International Relations
Studying the geographical factor requires examining location, area, and borders. Geographical location is one of the most important factors influencing international relations, as it determines a state's strategic position, economic capacity, and national security. It also impacts its alliances and conflicts with other countries. Libya enjoys a highly significant geographical location in international relations. Situated in North Africa, it overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and is bordered to the south by the Sahel countries. Libya lies between the Arab East and West, and between Africa and Europe, granting it a pivotal role in trade, migration, and politics. This topic was conceived to highlight Libya's geographical importance and the weight it has gained in international relations. The research problem lies in how Libya utilizes its location economically and politically, and its influence on public opinion both domestically and internationally. This study employs several methodologies, including the descriptive approach to provide insight into the geographical location and borders with neighboring countries, as well as the functional approach, which aims to study the state in terms of its economic and political relations with neighboring countries, the region, and the world .
International Relations – Geopolitics – Foreign Policy – ​​Domestic Policy – ​​Energy – Immigration – International Trade.
The Problem of State-Building Under International Intervention: A Critical Analysis of Libya's Experience After 2011
This study examines the problem of state-building in Libya in the context of international intervention following the 2011 uprising. It aims to analyze whether such intervention contributed to strengthening state institutions or instead deepened political and institutional fragility. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and a case study method, drawing on international documents and relevant academic literature. It is grounded in three major theoretical frameworks in international relations—realism, liberalism, and constructivism—to interpret both the motivations behind intervention and its outcomes. The findings indicate that, despite achieving short-term military objectives, international intervention in Libya failed to support sustainable state-building. Instead, it contributed to political fragmentation, the emergence of competing authorities, the proliferation of armed groups, and the weakening of institutional capacity. Furthermore, the involvement of multiple international and regional actors with conflicting interests played a significant role in prolonging the conflict and complicating the political process. The study concludes that the absence of a coherent post-conflict strategy represents a key factor behind the failure of state-building efforts in Libya. It recommends re-evaluating international intervention frameworks, strengthening domestic institutions, and adopting comprehensive post-conflict strategies to ensure long-term stability in fragile states.
Libya, State-building, International Intervention, Fragile States, International Relations
The Role of Quality Hotel and Tourism Services in Achieving Customer and Tourist Satisfaction and Loyalty
دراسة بعنوان دور جودة الخدمات الفندقية السياحية في تحقيق رضا وولاء الزبائن والسواح . يهدف البحث الى معرفة مدى رضا السواح الزبائن على جودة الخدمات الفندقية السياحية وتوضيح أهمية الجودة و خصائصها ومستوياتها مع توضيح أهمية ولاء ورضا الزبون والتعرف على طرق تحقيق جودة الخدمات الفندقية السياحية ورضا الزبون .وتمثلت أهمية البحث في المنافسة بين المؤسسات الفندقية استوجبت الضرورة أن تعمل على إيجاد استراتيجيات تنافسية منها تحقيق ولاء ورضا الزبون و فهم العلاقة القائمة بين ولاء ورضا الزبون و جودة الخدمات الفندقية و تسليط الضوء على أهمية تحقيق رضا الزبون و الفوائد التي تقدمها للمؤسسات الفندقية و التعرف على واقع جودة الخدمات بالمؤسسات الفندقية في ليبيا وقد تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي من خلال أسلوب المسح المكتبي وذلك بالاعتماد على المراجع والكتب والبحوث والمجلات، والملتقيات ورسائل الماجستير و الدكتوراه. وتوصل البحث الى عدة نتائج أهمها : ان لجودة الخدمات الفندقية أهمية كبيرة في تحقيق رضا وولاء الزبون ، فمن خلال استهداف العديد من المؤثرات كتوفير الأمان داخل الفندق ، تقديم الخدمة في وقتها ، الاستماع الى انشغالات الزبون . - لابد ان يقدم الفندق جودة خدمات فندقية تتماشى و رغبات الزبائن مع ضرورة ان يقوم ‌الفندقين ‌بالعمل ‌المستمر‌ على‌ توفير ‌مختلف ‌سبل ‌الراحة‌ والاعتماد ‌على‌ التكنولوجيا‌ الحديثة ‌في‌ تقديم ‌الخدمات ‌من ‌اجل ‌تحقيق ‌رضا‌ وولاء ‌الزبون‌.‌ ولابد ان يستعمل ‌الفندق ‌‌‌سجلات ‌خاصة ‌داخل ‌الغرف‌ لمعرفة ‌راي ‌الزبائن ‌‌حول‌ الخدمات ‌المقدمة.‌‌ لابد ان يقدم الفندق ‌فندق‌ ‌‌كتيبات‌ ترويجية ‌لتحريك ‌مشاعر‌ زبائن ‌جدد‌ واستقطاب ‌نزلاء ‌اخرين وان يهتم الفندق بتقديم خدمات ذات جودة عالية خاصة فيما يتعلق بكيفية التعامل مع الزبائن وانه هناك علاقة وطيدة بين جودة الخدمات الفندقية المقدمة و رضا و ولاء الزبون حيث انها تعمل على توليد نية التكرار لدى المستهلك ونشر احاديث إيجابية على الفندق , واستعرضت الباحثة جملة من التوصيات أهمها : _ الاعتماد على الخبرات و الكفاءة الرائدة في هذا المجال و الاعتماد على تجارب الدول الناجحة خاصة في كيفية تقديم الخدمة النها تلعب دورا كبير في التأثير على الرضا و الولاء . _العمل على القيام بدورات تكوينية دورية للافراد العاملين داخل الفنادق خاصة العاملين بمكتب الاستقبال و الدائمي الاحتكاك مع الزبائن وهذا لتطوير كفاءاتهم و معارفهم في شتى المجالات كاستعمال الوسائل التكنولوجيا الحديثة . _ سن قوانين و تشريعات في هذا المجال و تطبيقها بحزم خاصة الأمان لانه يتاثر بشكل مباشر على سمعة الفندق . _ اقامة نظام معلوماتي و قاعدة رقمية لمساعدة الفندق على القيام بعملية بتسهيل مختلف عمليات تقديم الخدمة كالتسجيلات الأولية او التكفل بطلبات الزبائن .
Quality – Services – Tourism – Hotel – Satisfaction and Loyalty – Customers – Tourists
Difficulties Faced by Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Al-Zawiya in Performing Some Basic Skills on the
This study aimed to identify the level of difficulties encountered by students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Al-Zawiya in performing some basic skills on the rings apparatus. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method. The study sample consisted of 54 fourth-year students. A questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument after verifying its validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using several statistical techniques, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and relative importance. The findings revealed that skill-related difficulties were the most significant challenges faced by the participants, highlighting the importance of the cognitive aspect in acquiring rings apparatus skills compared with the other dimensions. Psychological difficulties ranked second, indicating that factors such as anxiety and fear of failure have a noticeable impact on students' performance and are relatively close in influence to the other dimensions. Difficulties related to facilities and equipment ranked third, reflecting the considerable influence of the training environment and available resources on students' performance. Difficulties associated with teaching and assessment methods ranked fourth, suggesting that these factors have a moderate effect. Finally, physical difficulties ranked fifth and last, indicating that they have the least relative impact compared with the other dimensions. Overall, the study concluded that all dimensions were rated as having a moderate level of impact.
Difficulties; Basic Skills; Rings Apparatus.
Behavioral Problems Among Primary School Students with Learning Disabilities from the Perspective of Teachers in Al-Marj City
This research aims to identify behavioral problems among primary school students with learning disabilities. The research population consisted of all students with learning disabilities in schools affiliated with the Special Needs Office and the Al-Marj Comprehensive Social Welfare Complex in Al-Marj City, totaling (53) students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher administered a questionnaire measuring behavioral problems, prepared by Adel Abdullah Mohammed, Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Education, Zagazig University. The psychometric properties of the instrument were established, and it achieved acceptable validity and reliability, thus allowing its application. The descriptive approach was used as it aligns with the research objectives. The research results indicated that: The behavioral problems among primary school students with learning disabilities range from weak to moderate, indicating that the behavioral problems fall within this range according to the SPSS statistical analysis program.
Behavioral problems, learning disabilities.
الأنماط والوضعيات القوامية لمستخدمي الأجهزة الذكية وتأثيرها على الآم الرقبة "دراسة على بعض طلبة المعهد العالي للعلوم والتقنية قصر خيار"
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم أثر أنماط استخدام الأجهزة الذكية والوضعيات القوامية أثناء استخدامها في آلام الرقبة لدى طلبة التعليم العالي، في ظل تزايد استخدام الأجهزة الذكية وما يرتبط به من مشكلات عضلية هيكلية، وعلى رأسها آلام الرقبة الناتجة عن الوضعيات القوامية غير السليمة. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الكمي باستخدام التصميم المقطعي، وشملت عينة عشوائية مكونة من (196) طالبًا من المعهد العالي للعلوم والتقنية قصر خيار، وجُمعت البيانات بواسطة استبيان، ثم حُللت باستخدام برنامج SPSS من خلال التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي، واختبارات الثبات، والانحدار الخطي المتعدد والانحدار التدريجي. أظهرت النتائج أن نمط استخدام الأجهزة الذكية لم يكن له تأثير ذو دلالة إحصائية في آلام الرقبة، مما يشير إلى أن مدة الاستخدام أو بعض سلوكيات الاستخدام لا تعد وحدها سببًا مباشرًا لحدوث الألم. في المقابل، تبين أن الوضعيات القوامية كان لها تأثير إيجابي ودال إحصائيًا في آلام الرقبة، حيث فسرت نحو (35.9%) من التباين في مستوى الألم. كما أظهرت النتائج أن وضعيتي الجلوس والوقوف كانتا الأكثر تأثيرًا، تليهما الوضعيات القوامية الأخرى ثم وضعية الاستلقاء، بينما لم يكن لوضعية المشي تأثير معنوي.
الأنماط القوامية- الوضعيات القوامية – الأجهزة أو الهواتف الذكية – الام الرقبة.
The Impact of University Electronic Services on the Satisfaction of Faculty Members, Staff, and Students
This study examined the effect of university electronic services—ease of use, service completion speed, and service quality and accuracy—on the satisfaction of faculty members, administrative employees, and students visiting the Documentation and Information Center at the University of Zawia. A descriptive-analytical design was adopted, using a questionnaire administered to a non-probability convenience sample with equal quotas، The sample comprised 120 respondents: 40 faculty members, 40 administrative employees, and 40 students، The findings showed a high overall level of electronic services (M=3.64) and high beneficiary satisfaction (M=3.67). A strong positive relationship was found between overall electronic services and satisfaction (r=0.765)، The three dimensions explained 59.3% of satisfaction variance، Service completion speed had the strongest standardized effect (β=0.403), followed by quality and accuracy (β=0.344), and ease of use (β=0.242)، The study recommends improving response speed, clarifying follow-up procedures, strengthening technical support, and continuously updating electronic information and user guidance.
University electronic services; ease of use; service speed; quality and accuracy; beneficiary satisfaction; University of Zawia.
The Impact of Integrating Organizational Culture and Governance Mechanisms on the Quality of Accounting Disclosure of Intellectual Capital: An Applied Study
This study aimed to develop a proposed accounting model for customer loyalty programs in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and to examine their impact on achieving firms' competitive advantage, with an empirical application on telecommunications companies in Libya. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and a questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool from a sample of employees working in financial, marketing, and internal audit departments. Data were analyzed using statistical methods via SPSS software. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between customer loyalty programs and competitive advantage, as these programs contribute to increasing customer retention, improving customer satisfaction, and enhancing customer lifetime value. The results also indicated deficiencies in accounting disclosure of loyalty programs, despite the importance of applying IFRS 15 in improving their accounting measurement. The study recommended developing a clear accounting model for loyalty programs, Improving accounting disclosure practices, ensuring proper application of international standards, and enhancing integration between financial and marketing departments when designing loyalty programs.
Agriculture in Libya during the Middle Ages 1st-9th centuries AH / 7th-15th centuries AD
centuries AH / 7th–15th centuries CE), focusing on the influence of geographical factors—such as climate (rainfall patterns) and topography (the availability of fertile plains)—in determining the types of crops suited to the environment. The study also investigates agricultural land tenure, covering state-owned lands subject to the *kharaj* tax paid annually by farmers, *waqf* (endowment) lands and their agricultural utilization, and private ownership—where individuals held small plots such as gardens and orchards. Additionally, it addresses vast communal lands owned by tribes, such as the lands of the Hawwara tribe east of Tripoli We also examined the types of soil available—such as the red clay soil found in Barqa and its suitability for .agriculture, the fertile black soil used for crops, and white soil Irrigation was carried out using groundwater wells (via buckets) and natural springs, as well as by constructing dams and reservoirs to capture water suitable for .farming We also investigated the agricultural tools used in Libya during the medieval period, such as the use of animals and plows to till the land, and sickles for harvesting .barley Regarding agricultural crops, we focused on the most significant ones: primarily barley and wheat—along with their main cultivation areas—followed by olive trees and the importance of oil extraction, date palms, and finally, various fruits and ..vegetable
The Extent of the Use of Law as a Social Regulator in Modern Libyan Society
The role of law in society is considered a regulator of social behavior in modern Libyan society, especially in light of the declining roles of traditional institutions, such as the family and the tribe, and the escalating, urgent need for a socially and economically organizing legal framework. Over the past two decades, Libyan society has undergone profound transformations, both social and political. This has led to the weakening of traditional controls—represented by custom and family authority—in regulating the behavior of individuals and groups. Consequently, the role of law has emerged as a new tool for legally organizing social relations and transactions, and resolving disputes under the umbrella of law in Libyan society.
The State of Emergency and its Impact on Public Rights and Freedoms: Libya as a Case Study
This study examines the State of Emergency and its Impact on Public Rights and Freedoms: Libya as a Case Study. It analyzes the constitutional and legal framework governing the declaration of a state of emergency and evaluates its implications for the protection and exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms. The study seeks to identify the legal limits of the exceptional powers granted to the executive authority during emergency situations and to assess their compatibility with the principles of the rule of law and the international standards of human rights protection. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach by examining the relevant Libyan constitutional and legislative provisions, international human rights instruments, comparative legal jurisprudence, and selected judicial precedents. It also considers the practical application of emergency measures in Libya in light of the country's political and security challenges. The study concludes that, although a state of emergency may be justified under exceptional circumstances threatening national security or public order, its application must remain subject to constitutional and legal safeguards that prevent abuse of power and protect fundamental rights. The findings further indicate that the absence of a comprehensive legal framework regulating emergency powers in Libya, coupled with limited judicial and legislative oversight in certain periods, has contributed to broader restrictions on public rights and freedoms.
State of Emergency ،Public Rights and Freedoms ،Constitutional LawInternational Human Rights Law.
Assessing Nursing Students’ Proficiency in Using English Terminology during Their Studies at the College of Nursing in Zawia:
This study aimed to assess nursing students’ proficiency in using English Terminology during their studies at the College of Nursing in Zawia from English language teachers' perspectives. This involved identifying the level of relevant skills in a number of dimensions including general understanding of English terminology, using English terminology in oral skills and in academic writing, learning and acquiring English terminology, self-assessment, and the challenges encountered. The research adopted a descriptive analytical analysis for its appropriateness to the nature and aims of the study. To address the research questions, the researchers used a questionnaire to collect data. The sample of the study consisted of 30 teachers in Nursing College at Zawia. The findings of the study revealed that the level of nursing students' skills in using English terminology was moderate across all dimensions. Moreover, it was found that students encounter difficulties in using nursing English terminology both in speaking and in academic writing. The study also showed that the students relied on lectures in acquiring terms compared to self-learning tools. The findings also revealed that there was statistically significant difference with females outperforming males in the dimension of using English terms in academic writing, while there was no statistically significant difference in the other dimensions or in the scale as a whole. In light of these findings, the researchers recommend that it is necessary to enhance using English technical terms in nursing curriculum courses through training programs to support communication skills and academic writing. Encouraging self-learning strategies which contribute to increasing nursing students’ proficieny linguistically and professionally is also recommended/
assessing, skills of using English terms, medical terms, nursing students, academic writing, learning and acquiring nursing terms, nursing college at Zawia.
State Cooperation with the International Criminal Court under the Rome Statute
State cooperation with the International Criminal Court (ICC) is one of the fundamental principles established by the Rome Statute of 1998. Since the Court has no independent enforcement authority, it relies on States to execute arrest warrants, surrender suspects, collect evidence, protect witnesses, and provide judicial assistance. Such cooperation is essential for ensuring international justice and combating impunity for the most serious international crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The Rome Statute imposes legal obligations on States Parties to cooperate fully with the Court, although political and legal challenges may hinder the effective implementation of these obligations. This study examines the legal basis of State cooperation with the ICC, analyzes the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute, and highlights the main challenges affecting the implementation of these obligations
التعاون الدولي، المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، نظام روما الأساسي، التزام الدول، العدالة الجنائية الدولية، الجرائم الدولية
Mechanisms of Ideological Linguistic Bias in Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd's "Critique of Religious Discourse": A Critical Analytical Study in Light of the Critical Discourse Analysis Approach
This study seeks to uncover the mechanisms of linguistic-ideological bias latent in the book Critique of Religious Discourse by Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (1943–2010)—one of the most controversial contemporary Arabic texts، While the book focused on exposing the "mechanisms" of religious discourse, scholars have not paid sufficient attention to how Abu Zayd’s own discourse is built upon a set of linguistic, rhetorical, and argumentative mechanisms that construct an opposing ideological bias، The study stems from the hypothesis that "critique," as a linguistic act, does not stand outside the ideology it exposes; rather, it reproduces it through parallel lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical mechanisms, even if it differs in its direction and value reference. The study adopts the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach as developed by Norman Fairclough and Teun van Dijk, applied to a textual corpus extracted from the book's three chapters، It further draws upon Abu Zayd's other writings (Discourse and Interpretation), testimonies of his contemporaries (Thus Spoke Nasr Abu Zayd), and literature on the theory of ideology (The Age of Ideology by Henry Aiken)، The study concludes that bias in Abu Zayd’s discourse operates through four major mechanisms: lexical labeling and categorization, semantic reduction, binary polar oppositions, and military and pathological metaphors، The study argues that these mechanisms—despite their critical legitimacy—render the "scientific" discourse claimed by the author a value-laden, argumentative discourse، Ultimately, this confronts the researcher with a deeper methodological question: Can a critical discourse on ideology ever be completely free from ideology?
Linguistic Bias, Ideology, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, Critique of Religious Discourse, Argumentative Mechanisms
The Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance: A Field Study at the National Commercial Bank – Zawiya Branc
This study aimed to identify the impact of organizational culture, with its dimensions represented in organizational values, organizational beliefs, and organizational norms, on employee performance at the National Commercial Bank – Zawiya Branch. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and used the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection from the study population, which consisted of forty employees. Forty questionnaires were distributed, and thirty-seven valid questionnaires were retrieved for statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program and simple linear regression tests. The results showed that the level of organizational culture at the bank came at a moderate level tending toward high, while the level of employee performance came at a very high level. The study also found a statistically significant positive impact of organizational culture on employee performance, where organizational norms came first in terms of impact strength, followed by organizational values, and then organizational beliefs. In light of the results, the study recommended the necessity of enhancing organizational culture by supporting participation in decision-making, developing positive organizational norms, and consolidating the values of teamwork and organizational trust.
Organizational Culture, Employee Performance, Organizational Values, Organizational Beliefs, Organizational Norms, National Commercial Bank.
The Role of Physical Education and Sports Activities in Improving Posture and Balancing Obesity Rates and Physical Health Among Primary School Students in the Western Zawiya Municipality
The study aimed to identify the level of physical education practice and school sports activities and their relationship with good physical posture, physical health, and obesity rate balance among preparatory-stage students at Al-Harsha Central School and Abu Issa Al-Shamalia School. It also sought to examine the nature of the correlations between physical education practice and school sports activities and both good physical posture and physical health and obesity rate balance. The researcher employed the descriptive method using a correlational approach. the study population consisted of (116) students, while the study sample comprised (68) students. to collect data, the researcher used a questionnaire consisting of four dimensions: physical education practice, school sports activities, good physical posture, and physical health and obesity rate balance. the validity and reliability of the instrument were verified, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the dimensions ranging from (0.70–0.82), while the overall reliability coefficient of the instrument was (0.91). the researcher also used arithmetic means, standard deviations, percentages, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to analyze the data. the results showed that the levels of physical education practice and school sports activities were high. the levels of good physical posture, physical health, and obesity rate balance were also high among the study participants. the results further revealed statistically significant positive correlations between school sports activities and good physical posture, with a correlation coefficient of (0.568), and between school sports activities and physical health and obesity prevention, with a correlation coefficient of (0.481). the results also demonstrated statistically significant positive correlations between physical education practice and good physical posture, with a correlation coefficient of (0.659), and between physical education practice and physical health and obesity rate balance, with a correlation coefficient of (0.344). In addition, a positive correlation was found between good physical posture and physical health and obesity prevention, with a correlation coefficient of (0.503). all correlations were statistically significant at the (0.01) level. the study recommended increasing attention to physical education classes, providing appropriate sports equipment and facilities, regularly organizing school sports competitions, strengthening health and nutrition education, and incorporating programs aimed at improving physical posture and maintaining balanced obesity rates among students.
التربية البدنية، الأنشطة الرياضية المدرسية، القوام البدني الجيد، الصحة البدنية، توازن معدلات السمنة، التلاميذ، المدارس الإعدادية.
Immunity of the Diplomatic Envoy from Civil Jurisdiction in the Receiving State A Comparative Analytical Study
This study examines the civil judicial immunity of diplomatic envoys in the receiving State as one of the fundamental guarantees established by international law to ensure the independence and effective performance of diplomatic functions. It aims to identify the legal nature and underlying rationale of such immunity and to analyze the principal doctrinal and judicial approaches to its legal characterization, whether as a limitation on the jurisdiction of domestic courts, a procedural bar to the admissibility of claims, or an exception to the rules governing the international jurisdiction of national courts. The study further explores the scope and limits of civil judicial immunity, together with the exceptions provided under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, particularly those relating to rights in immovable property, succession proceedings, and professional or commercial activities conducted by diplomatic envoys outside their official functions. It also examines the legal effect of the waiver of immunity and the extent to which such waiver extends to enforcement measures. Adopting a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, the study seeks to clarify the legal framework governing civil judicial immunity in a manner that reconciles the functional requirements of diplomatic immunity with the principle of judicial jurisdiction.
The Electronic Administrative Decision and Digital Transformation in Libya
This study aimed to examine the impact of digital transformation on the development of electronic administrative decision-making in Libyan public institutions, using a sample of employees from public institutions in the city of Misrata. The study was conducted in light of the increasing adoption of digital technologies to enhance administrative performance and improve the quality of public services. A descriptive-analytical research approach was employed, and a structured questionnaire was used as the primary data collection instrument. The study sample consisted of 150 respondents, including administrative leaders, department directors, section heads, and employees involved in the use of digital systems. The findings revealed a high level of implementation of both digital transformation and electronic administrative decision-making within the surveyed institutions. The results also indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between digital transformation and the development of electronic administrative decision-making. Furthermore, regression analysis demonstrated that digital transformation has a significant positive effect on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of electronic administrative decision-making. The study also found that digital infrastructure, qualified human resources, and supportive legislative and regulatory frameworks are among the most influential factors contributing to the successful implementation of electronic administrative decision-making. Based on these findings, the study recommends the development of a comprehensive national strategy to support digital transformation in Libyan public institutions, strengthen digital infrastructure, enhance the integration of information systems, update legislative and regulatory frameworks, and invest in the training and qualification of human resources. These measures are expected to improve the efficiency of electronic administrative decision-making, enhance institutional performance, promote transparency and good governance, and support administrative development efforts in Libya.
Electronic Administrative Decision-Making; Digital Transformation; Public Institutions; Decision-Making; Electronic Administration.