Genetical and Principal Component Analyses for Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes in F1 and F2 Generations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65405/4h3zbf63Keywords:
Analysis of variance; genotypes; parental; F1and F2 .Abstract
Eight bread wheat genotypes were crossed using a half diallel design to explore the genetic patterns of grain yield and several agronomic characteristics in the F1 and F2 generations. The additive genetic variance (D) showed significant effects for all studied traits in both generations, except for the number of kernels per spike in F1. The dominance variance (H1) was significant for all traits in both generations, while the second dominance component (H2) was significant for all traits except grain yield per plant in F1 and F2, and plant height in F2. This indicates an unequal distribution of positive and negative alleles among the loci controlling these traits and confirms that both additive and dominance gene actions influence their inheritance. The distribution of positive and negative alleles differed among parents for all evaluated traits. The mean degree of dominance (H1/D)½ was below unity for plant height, number of spikes per plant, and spike length, suggesting partial dominance in their inheritance. The ratio of dominant to recessive alleles (KD/KR) exceeded unity for all traits, showing that dominance alleles were more frequent in both generations. The relative frequency of dominant to recessive alleles (F) was significant for all traits except 100-kernel weight, which indicated an equal gene distribution among parents. Broad-sense heritability showed very high values, ranging from 92.46% to 98.92% in F1 and from 91.14% to 98.65% in F2, revealing that most phenotypic variation was genetically controlled. The combination of high broad-sense and moderate narrow-sense heritability indicates that non-additive gene effects contributed substantially to trait variation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated that selecting superior genotypes can enhance yield and its related traits. Based on PCA, parents P2, P4, and P6; F1 crosses C2, C14, C20, C11, and C3; and F2 hybrids H2, H4, H3, H15, and H14 were identified as the best performing genotypes for yield potential. These genotypes are recommended for use in future wheat breeding programs to improve productivity under varying environmental conditions. The results confirm that the studied yield traits in wheat are controlled by both additive and dominance genetic effects. The high heritability values indicate the possibility of achieving successful early selection programs to improve wheat productivity using these superior genetic combinations
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