European disagreements over the Russian-Ukrainian war and its repercussions

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze European divisions over the Russian–Ukrainian war, examine its economic and security repercussions for Europe, and determine whether these divisions preceded the war or resulted from it. The study employed the descriptive-analytical method to examine European countries’ positions and their political, economic, and security determinants. The findings showed that European positions were not unified; rather, they were shaped by national interests, dependence on Russian energy, and each country’s security concerns. The study also revealed that intertwined interests with Russia prevented a complete rupture, while the war exposed the fragility of the European security system and increased burdens related to energy, inflation, trade, and refugees. Conversely, the crisis prompted European countries to increase defense spending, strengthen NATO’s role, and reconsider their military and energy policies. The study recommended strengthening European strategic autonomy, diversifying energy sources, developing defense systems, and supporting a diplomatic settlement.