Environmental Dimension of Renewable Energy Exploitation in Libya

Abstract

   This study aims to assess the environmental dimension of exploiting renewable energy in Libya and its role in achieving sustainable development by 2040. Currently, Libya relies almost entirely on fossil fuels for electricity generation, which contributes to environmental pollution, climate change, and rising production costs. In contrast, Libya possesses enormous potential for solar and wind energy due to its location within the solar belt and the presence of vast desert areas, qualifying it to become a regional leader in clean energy. The study employed an inductive, analytical, and statistical approach through a review of previous studies, questionnaire distribution, field visits, and interviews with experts and relevant stakeholders. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and carbon and water footprint indicators were also used to evaluate the environmental impacts of different electricity generation technologies. The results indicate that photovoltaic solar and wind energy have the lowest environmental impacts compared to natural gas and diesel. While natural gas emits 490 g CO2/kWh and consumes 1.5–2.3 m³/MWh of water, solar energy produces only 48 g CO2/kWh and consumes 0.02 m³/MWh primarily for panel washing. Modeling results for a scenario of adding 5 GW of solar capacity with an 18% capacity factor show a potential reduction of 6.5 million tons of CO2 emissions per year and water savings of approximately 12 million m³ per year compared to air-cooled gas power plants. However, the main negative impact is the requirement for large land areas estimated at 0.8 hectares/MW, and the future challenge of managing solar panel waste after their 25-year operational lifetime. The study identified strengths such as the strategic geographic location, high solar irradiation and wind speeds, availability of land, and growing electricity demand. The main barriers include fossil fuel subsidies, weak legislation, and lack of political will. Statistical analysis confirmed the validity of the study hypotheses at a 95% confidence level, demonstrating that investment in renewable energy represents the cleanest and most sustainable solution to address fossil fuel depletion and its environmental and economic risks. The study recommends adopting IFC Environmental and Social Standards, establishing a national system for solar panel collection and recycling, designating protected areas excluded from project development, and urgently issuing binding legislation to support renewable energy. Real political will is also essential to expand clean energy systems in Libya.